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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Beer Lambert Law Bouger Beer Law - Bermuda Principle
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Bayes’ rule The basis of condition probability by calculating the likelihood of an event based on the history of the event and relevant background information. For two parameters, A and B, the theorem is stated as follows: the conditional probability of A, given B, P(A/B), divided by the probability of b, P(B), where P(A) is the historical or prior distribution value of A, P(B/A) is a new prediction for B for a particular value of A, and P(B) is the sum of newly predicted values for B.P(A/B) is a posterior probability, representing a new prediction for A given the prior knowledge of A and the newly discovered relationship between A and B.
Baynesian analysis A statistical too used to estimate parameters of an underlying distribution based on an observed distribution. See Bayes’ rule.
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Bcl-2 (b cell lymphoma) A proto – oncogene discovered as a result of the (14:18)chromosomal translocation that occurs in human follicular B cell lymphoma. Bcl-2 is an antiapoptotic protein that can act by direct binding and inactivation of Apaf-1 as well as by stabilizing the mitochondrial membrane thereby inhibiting the release of cytochrome C and caspase activatin.Bcl-2 also activates nuclear factor –kB (NF-kB), a transcription factor that regulates expression of genes involved in inflammation, angiogenesis and cell survival.
Bcl-2 family A family of proteins that regulates apoptosis. While some members of the family are antiapoptotic (eg. Bcl-2), others are proapoptotic (eg. Bax).
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BCR B Cell Receptor. Also called membrane immunoglobulin (mlg.)
Beadle, George W. (1903 – 1991) A genetic who together with Edward Tatum demonstrated that genes control enzyme production. Beadle and Tatum shared the Nobel Prize in 1958 with J. Lederberg.
BEAUTY (BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility) A tool developed at the Baylor College of Medicine that uses BLAST to search several custom databases and incorporates sequence family information, located of conserved domains as well as annotated sites or domains directly into the BLAST query results.
Becquerel (Sl unit, Bq) 1 disintegrations per second
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Bectoplasm An archaic term for the outer portion of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Bed volume In column chromatography, refers to the total volume of material , both solid and liquid.
Beer’s law A law of absorption that states that the amount of light absorbed by a material proportional to the number of absorbing molecules, i.e. the concentration of the absorbing solution.
Beer-Lambert law (Bouger – Beer law) A law of absorption that states that the amount of light absorbed is proportional to the concentration of the absorbing substance and to the thickness of the absorbing material (path length).
Bence Jones Protein Abnormal g - globulins that appear in urine in multiple myeloma. These proteins can be identified by their characteristic behaviour on heating. They precipitate between 4-600C, redissolve at 1000 C and reprecipitate on subsequent cooling.
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Bench – scale process A small – or laboratory –scale process; commonly used in connection with fermentation.
Benign Refers to nonmalignant tumours that closely resemble the tissue of origin, have a slow rate of growth, are well differentiated, encapsulated and do not metastasizes.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate.
Benzene A molecule containing a six –membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating double bonds. It occurs as a component of various biomolecules.
Benzene
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Benzer, Seymour (b.1921) A geneticist who studied recombination in bacteriophage, created the first fine structure maps of genes and established the relationship between genes and proteins as formulated in the ‘one gene-one protein hypothesis’.
Berg, Paul (b. 1926) A biochemist who established that fatty acid oxidation occurs in two steps.
Beriberi A disorder caused by thiamin deficiency endemic in areas where polished rice is used as a staple such as in South Asia, Java and Japan. There are two types of beriberi-dry beriberi and wet beriberi. Dry beriberi which occurs when there is chronic dietary deficiency of thiamin is characterized by anorexia, loss of weight, muscle wasting, motor and sensory neuropathy (Wernicke’s encephalophathy) and peripheral neuritis. Wet beriberi occurs in severe thiamin deficiency. In addition to neurological symptoms, cardiovascular manifestations are seen. The clinical symptoms include muscle wasting, enlargement of the heart( cardiomegaly), increase in heart rate (tachycardia), cardiac failure and oedema.
Bermuda principle The rapid, public release of genome DNA sequence data, without restrictions on use.
Beta (β)-arch A supersecondary structure in proteins formed by two adjacent β-strands linked by a loop with the strands lying in different sheets.
Beta (β)-barrel A complex supersecondary structure in proteins formed by a large antiparallel β-sheet when it rolls up so that the first β-strand is joined to the last strand by hydrogen bonds forming a closed cylinder. Each β- strand is joined to the next by a hairpin turn or a loop. These structures form pockets in which small molecules are bound. For example, the β –barrel in retinol binding protein accommodates retinol.
Beta (β)-bend A characteristic turning of an extended polypeptide in a different direction involving minimum number of residues.
Beta (β)-bulge A supersecondary structure in protein containing extra residues causing a distortion in a β-sheet.
Beta (β)-carotene A Provitamin that inhibits lipid peroxidation by trapping peroxyl radicals and thus functions as a chain breaking antioxidant. It is an effective quencher of single oxygen and inhibits lipid peroxidation initiated by xanthine oxidase.
Beta Carotene
Beta (β)-catenin Multifunctional cytoplasmic protein involved in cadherin-mediated cell adhesions. It links cadherins to the actin cytoskeleton. It can also function independently as a gene regulator. It plays an important role in the Wnt signaling pathway.
Beta (β)- conformation Stable “zig-zag” secondary structure of a protein chain that can align with sections of chain in same conformation and cross-link via hydrogen bonds between peptide linkages.
Beta (β)-galactosidase The enzyme encoded by the lacZ gene of E.coli. The enzyme breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.
Beta (β) –lactamase gene An ampicillin resistance gene. See selectable marker.
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