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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Acute Hepatitis Addisonian Crisis
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Acute gouty arthritis A condition characterized by sever joint pain with swelling and redness due to deposition of sodium urate crystals in an around joints, especially those of the feet, causing an acute inflammatory reaction, Crystals of Sodium urate are formed when the concentration of sodium urate exceeds its solubility in plasma
Acute hepatits Inflammation of the liver caused by toxins, drugs alcohol or viruses. It is characterized by an increases in plasma Bilirubin, presence of Bilirubin in urine and decreased formation of faecal urobilinogen
Acute renal failure (ARF) A rapid deterioration in renal functional that can be recognised by a rising blood urea nitrogen, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia and anion gap metabolic acidosis. ARF may case permanent renal damage leading to chronic renal failure.
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ARF is caused by prereal, renal (intrinsic renal failute) and postrenal factors. Prerenal ARF results from inadequate renal perfusion as in haemorrhage, burns, congestive cardiac failure, or due to drugs such as nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs, it can be treated by expanding the ECF volume and improving renal perfusion. Renal ARF occurs due to renal ischaemia or to direct damage to the renal tubules by nephrotoxic drugs such as cephalosporins. This can be managed by using diuretics and by control of sodium and water intake, protein restriction, adequate carbohydrate intake and protein restriction, adequate carbohydrate intake and prevention of hyperkalaemia, acidosis and infection. In extreme cases, when the plasma urea, or Creatinine is rapidly rising or if there is fluid overload of acidosis is severe, dialysis is required. Postrenal ARF results from urinary tract obstruction due to prostatic enlargement, calculi or neoplasms. Postrenal ARF-may be treated by removing the cause of urinary obstruction or by facilitating urine drainage
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Acyclovir (acycloguanosine) An inhibitor of herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase. This compound contains a guanine attached to an incomplete ribose ring. Acyclovir is phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinases. Acyclo-GTP functions as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase. Since it lacks a 3’-OH group, it also functions as a chain terminator when incorporated into DNA
Acyclovir 
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Adaptation 1. The adjustment of a population to altered environment over generations. This is partly with reference to genetic changes a resulting from selection imposed by the changed environment. 2. The adjustment of sensitivity to repeated stimulation. This allow a neuron, a photodetector or a bacterium to respond to small changes in stimuli even against a high background level of stimulation
Adaptation traits The traits related to reproduction and survival of the individual in a particular production environment that contribute to individual fitness. These traits are subject to selection during the evolution of animal genetic resources and are important the ability of the animal genetic resource to be sustained in the production environment (FAO, 1999)
Adaptin A protein that binds clathrin to the surface of the membrance in clathrin-coated vesicles
Adaptive enzymes Enzymes produced by microorganisms only in the presence of their substrates. These enzymes are synthesised only when required, in contrast to constitutive enzymes
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Adaptive immune response Response of the immune system to a specific-specific lymphocytes, resulting in immune memory
Adaptive reaction The evolution of new forms, subspecies or species from one species of plant or animal in order to exploit new habitats or food sources
Acyl carrier protein (ACP) A protein to which fatty acids are covalently linked during synthesis
Acyl CoA synthase (fatty acid thiokinase) An enzymes that activates fatty acids to fatty acyl CoA
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Acyl group A functional group derived from a carboxylic acid, R-COOH, Where R is an alkyl group
Acylphosphate A molecule with the general chemical formula R-C-OPO3
Adaptor 1. A synthetic double-stranded oligonucleotide that has one blunt end, while the other end has a nucleotide extension that can base pair with a cohesive end created by cleavage of a DNA molecule with a specific type II restriction endonuclease. The blunt end of the adaptor can be ligated to the ends of target DNA molecule and the construct can be cloned into a vector by using the cohesive ends of the adaptor. 2 A synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotide restriction endonuclease site. When the adaptor is inserted into a cloning vector by means of the cohesive ends, the internal sequence provides a new restriction endonuclease site. 3 A term used to describe the role of tRNA in translation based on its ability to bind a specific amino acid and carry it to the ribosome and to base pair with a specific codon on the mRNA template
Acute phase protein A protein produced within a few hours to a few days I response to infection. These protein induce activation of the innate immune system and are not antigen-specific
Acute porphyria Porphyria in which the symptoms are primarily neurologic
Adaptor protein Proteins in the intracellular signalling a pathways that link different proteins in the pathway
Addendum (pl: addenda) An item or a constituent substance to be added in the formulation of tissue culture media
Addison’s disease (primary adrenal cortical hypofunction) A disease that results from a failure of adrenal cortical hormone secretion due to destruction of adrenal tissue by surgery, tuberculosis or autoimmune mechanisms. Adrenal insufficiency may also occur in patients with AIDS. Medications such as rifampir, phenytoin, opiates etc. are also known to cause adrenal failure. Other less common cause include amyloidosis, secondary tumours, adrenal haemorrhage and haemochromatosis
Addisonian crisis A condition precipitated by stress such as infection, tranma or surgery in patients with Addisons disease. The characteristic clinical features are sever hypovolaemia, shock and hypoglycaemia
Addition transduction Trandsuction in which DNA form the specialized transducing particle integrates into the host genome by homologous recombination. This requires a helper prophage and generates a λ:λ bio+ double lysogen producing high-frequency transduction (HTF) lysates. The host is diploid for the bio locus and is termed lysogenic merozyte
Additive allelic effects The effects of alleles at a specific locus, where the heterozygote is exactly intermediate between the two homozygotes
Additive genetic effects The combined effects of alleles at different loci are equal to the sum of their individual effects
Adenine (C5H5N5; f.w. 135.14) (symbol: A) A white crystalline nitrogenous purine base present in DNA, RNA and nucleotides such as ADP and ATP
Adenine 
Adenoma A benign epithelia tumour
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