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Home >> Dictionary of Bioinformatics, Biochemistry, Biotechnology >> Acetyl Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA Acid Excretion Test
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Acarcide A pesticide that is used to control or kill mites and ticks
Acceptor control The regulation of the rate of respiration based on the availability of ADP as phosphate group acceptor
Accession number An identifier supplied by the curators of major biological databases upon submission of a novel entry that uniquely identifies that sequence (or other) entry. The GenBank accession number is a combination of letters and numbers that are usually in the format of one later followed by five digits (eg M12345) or two letters followed by six digits (eg AC123456). While the accession number is a unique identifier for complete sequence record a sequence identifier such as protein ID is an identification number assigned only to the sequence data
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Accession number (Refseq) A unique identification number for a complete Refseq record. The accession number is in the format of two letters followed by an underscore and six digits (eg., NT_123456). The first two letters indicate the type of sequence included in the record. For example, NT_123456 constructed genomic contigs NM_123456 mRNAs, NP_123456 proteins
Accessory cell A cell required for, but not actually mediating, a specific immune response. The term is used to describe antigen-presenting cells
Accessory pigments Light-absorbing pigments in plants and photosynthetic bacteria. These include carotenoids, phycobilins and xanthophylls. They complement chlorophylls in trapping energy from sunlight
Acclimatisatio the adaptation of a living organism to altered environmental conditions that subject it to physiological stress
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AceDB One of the most versatile database formats originally designed for the nematode caenorhabditis elegans, which has an object-orientated database architecture and is now used in many applications
Acellular Refers to tissues or organisms that are not made up of separate cells but contain more than one nucleus
Acentric fragment A fragment of a chromosome that does not contain a centromere and therefore does not segregate at mitosis
Acetal A product formed as a result of successive condensation reactions of two alcohols with a single aldehyde. The structure consists of two ether-linked oxygens attached to a central carbon atom
 Acetal
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Acetoacetate A ketone body produced by the liver during fat metabolism. Ketone bodies are used by extrahepatic tissues as fuel during starvation
Acetobacter A genus of Gram-negative flagellar, aerobic, acid-tolerant bacteria. They are also termed acetic acid bacteria, because of their ability to oxidize ethanol to acetic acid. These are present on fruits, vegetables and alcoholic beverages. They are used in the commercial production of vinegar
Acetone-butanol fermentation The anaerobic fermentation of glucose to acetone and Butanol by clostridium acetobutylicum
Acetyl CoA carboxylase An enzyme that catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, the first step in the biosynthesis of fatty acids the enzyme contains biotin as a prosthetic group
Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) A small water-soluble molecule that carries acetyl groups across cells. It contains an acetyl group (CH3CO-) linked to coenzyme A (CoA) by a thioester bond. Acetyl CoA is a central intermediate in the citric acid cycle. It is formed in the mitochondria when an acetyl group derived from breakdown of fats, proteins, or carbohydrates, combines with the thiol group (-SH) of coenzyme A
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Acetylation The addition of an acetyl group (-COCH3) group to a molecule
Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions that functions at cholinergic synapses. It is found in the brain and the peripheral nervous system
Acetylcholine esterase An enzyme present in the synaptic cleft or space between two nerve cells that hydrolyses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It acts on acetyl b-methylocholine and is inhibited by its product. The enzyme is responsible for the destruction of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. It is present in nerve cell endings, erythrocytes, lung spleen and the gray matter of the brain and is referred to as true or type I cholinesterase
Acetylcholine receptor A transmitter-gated ion channel that opens in response to binding of acetylcholine and converts a chemical signal into an electrical signal
Achiral molecules Mirror images of molecules that are superimposanle
Achlorhydria Absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
Achylia gastrica Absence of hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the gastric juice
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Acid A proton donor a substance that release protons when dissolved in water to form a hydronium ion (H3O+)
Acid blobs The amino acid sequences on a protein that bind to a transcriptional regulatory protein and activate transcription
Acid excretion test The excretion of acid by the kidneys following administration of ammonium chloride as an index of tubular function. After an overnight fast, the patient empties the bladder completely and the urine is collected. The patient is given 0.1 g of ammonium chloride/kg body weight. Urine samples are collected at 2, 4 and 6the following ingestion of ammonium chloride. Normal persons excrete 30-90 mEq ammonia/minute with a urinary pH of 5.3 during the six hours after stimulation. This is impaired in renal failure and renal tubular acidosis
Acid fast organisms Organisms such as Mycobacterium spp that cannot be decolourized by mineral acids or mixtures of acid and ethanol after staining by Ziehl Neelsen's staining method. The cell wall, which contains up to 60% lipid is responsible for acid fastness
Acid growth hypothesis The hypothesis that elongation of plant cells by the plant hormones auxins involves acidification in a localized region of the cell where growth occurs
Acid haematin The brown or reddish brown coloured complex formed by the action of HCI red blood cells
Acid hydrolase A hydrolytic enzyme found in lysosomes that exhibits optimum activity at acid pH. Examples include proteases, nuceleases, glycosidases etc
Acidic Having a pH of less than 7.0
Acidic amino acids
The amino acids aspartate and glutamate that are negatively charged at pH 7.0
Acidic residue The amino acids aspartate and glutamate that are strong acids and impart a negative charge to a protein
Acidophile Acid-loving microorganisms that exist at a pH range of 0-5.4 While facultative acidophiles (fungi, yeast) tolerate a pH range from low to neutral, obligate acidophiles (Thiobacillus, Sulfolobus) require low pH for growth
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