Gene Transfer Methods in Animals Introduction,Transgenic Animals,Drosophila,Mammals,Zygote,embryonic Tissue,Vivo,Somatic Cells,Retrovirus

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Gene Transfer Methods in Animals Gene Transfer Methods in Animals Introduction Transfection Microinjection Electroporation Use of Polycations

Home >> Animal Biotechnology >>Gene Transfer Methods in Animals >> Gene Transfer Methods in Animals Introduction

	Introduction The art and science of producing genetically engineered animals have advanced rapidly in the past few years. One challenge in creating transgenic animals is to ensure that the transgene turns on at the right time and in the right tissue. To be functional, the integrated gene must be expressed and regulated appropriately. Thus, the gene to be transferred must be accompanied by the appropriate promoter and regulatory sequences. Some genes require an enhancer that may be located far from the promoter.
The engineering of organisms requires fusion of the correct promoter or enhancer and gene-coding sequence. The construct must be incorporated into the chromosome where gene expression is regulated. There are a number of methods presently employed for genetic engineering of various animal species. Most of these were developed originally in mouse and Drosophila models, and have only more recently been extended to other domesticated animals. Access to the germ line of mammals can be obtained by:
1. Direct manipulation of the fertilized egg, followed by its implantation into the uterus. 2. Manipulation of the sperm used to generate the zygote. 3. Manipulation of the early embryonic tissue in place. 4. The use of embryonic stem (ES) cell lines which, after manipulation and selection ex vivo, are introduced into early embryos. 5. Phase manipulation of cultured somatic cells, whose nuclei then can be transferred into enucleated oocytes and thereby provide the genetic information required to produce a whole animal.
There are two basic approaches presently in use for inserting DNA into vertebrate germ line cells - transfection and infection with retrovirus vectors. A third approach based on the use of mobile genetic elements, has been commonly used for insects, and is being explored for germ-line modification of vertebrates.

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