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Home >>Agriculture Dictionary >> Vaccinate - Volunteer
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Vaccinate - Means to inoculate an animal with a preparation having dead or living, but weakened, antigens (e.g., bacteria or viruses) so that the animal produces antibodies in sufficient numbers to protect itself against the specific disease caused by the antigen concerned. The preparation is known as a vaccine.
Veterinary Science - Science and art of treating disease of animals. It encompasses anatomy, physiology, breeding, nutrition, animal diseases and treatment, man's use of animals, etc.
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Vaccine - Suspension of disease producing microorganisms modified by attenuation or by killing so that it will not cause disease and can stimulate the formation of antibodies upon inoculation i.e., vaccine is administered with the object of stimulating the recipient's specific defence mechanism in respect of given pathogen (s) or toxic agent (s).
Vacuum Silage - Silage prepared in a large, sealed, polythene 'bag'. The 'bag' is evacuated of air by a pump through a valve in the sheeting. This removal of air and the build up of carbon dioxide reduces respiration losses and aids fermentation, producing high quality silage.
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Vapam (Sodium N-Methyl Dithiocarbamate Dihydrate) - Watersoluble soil fumigant which kills weeds, germinating weed seeds, most soil fungi and, under the proper conditions nematodes. Vapam undergoes rapid decomposition to produce a very penetrating gas. The soil can be planted two weeks after its application.
Variegated - Of more than one colour, often in patches, e.g., the leaves
of certain plants.
Vernalization - Preplant treatment sometimes accorded to seeds in
which they are placed under conditions favourable for germination for a short period and then are exposed to condition where the germination process is arrested.
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Veal - The meat from calves slaughtered at less than 15 weeks old
Vegetable - A generally term applied to plants as distinct from animals. Normally applied to plants or parts of plants cultivated for human consumption or for stock- feeding, e.g., potatoes, carrots, cabbages, etc. Some fruits (e.g., tomatoes, cucumbers) and some seeds (e.g. peas, beans) are also considered as vegetables. Most vegetables are having useful amounts of vitamin C and minerals. Root vegetables have stored carbohydrates and seed vegetables are rich in protein.
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Vegetable Dyes - Dyes prepared from various trees. They are known after the tree from which they are obtained e.g., santaline artocarpus and the cutch dyes prepared from the wood of Pterocarpus Santalinus, Artocarpus integrifolia and Accacia catechu respectively.
Vegetative Reproduction - Reproduction in plants not involving the flower or any sexual process, by the detachment of a part of the plant (e.g., rhizome, tuber, bulb, etc.), which then develops into a new plant. (Propagation)
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Venison - Meat derived from deer.
Verandah - A type of housing which is used for poultry with a slatted
or wiremesh floor raised above the ground, allowing the faeces to fall through. Most designs incorporate a sleeping area containing nest boxes and perches and a covered run in which troughs for food and water are located. The walls of the run are of wire mesh although the side walls may sometimes be partly boarded for protection.
Vermicide - A worm-killer agent.
Vetch - A leguminous plant Vida sativa, with a slender, square, climbing stem, tendrilled pinnate leaves and blue or purple flowers. It is sown with rye to provide spring keep for sheep and with oats, or beans and oats, for silage. It may also be made into hay. Sometimes it is grown as a pure crop following cereals to produce seed. Winter and spring varieties are available. Also called tares.
Viability of Seeds - It is represented by the germination percentage, which can be produced by a given number of seeds. A study of a viable seed is essential in successful propagation from seed. A reduction in seed viability may result from incomplete seed development on the plant, injuries during harvest, improper processing and storage or aging.
Veterinary Surgeon - A person qualified in veterinary science (the study of animal diseases), and able to diagnose diseases, prescribe medicines and carry out surgery.
Vineyard - A plantation of grapes.
Vining Peas - Peas grown for picking green, before they are fully ripe.
For the past few seasons vining peas have been very unprofitable because rising production has coincide with a decline in demand from the processors.
Virgin Land - Land which has never been cultivated.
Virus - One of a group of sub-microscopic, self-reproducing, proteinous agents, which infect plants and animals causing disease (e.g., mosaic diseases, foot and mouth disease). They are transmitted between plants mainly by insects, particularly aphids, and by eelworms, and between animals by insects, contct and the inhalation of mucus droplets expelled by coughing and sneezing.
Virus Yellows - A mosaic virus disease of sugar beet or mangel plants due to a virus complex, Beet Milk Yellow Virus (B.M. Y. V.) and Beet Yellow Virus (B. Y. V.) spread by certain aphids The disease is characterised by the outer and middle leaves turning yellow from the tips and upper margins, and becoming thicker and brittle. Significant reductions in the sugar content and yield of crops are caused.
Viscera - The abdominal organs of animals, e.g., liver, kidneys spleen, etc.
Vitality of Seeds - Supply of vital seed is essential in successful propagation from seed. Vitality is represented by germination rate. It is often associated with viability of seeds. A reduction in seed vitality may result from incomplete seed development on the plant, injuries during harvest, improper processing and storage or aging.
Vitamins - A class of organic substances required by animals in small amounts, essential to metabolism and thought to act together with enzymes. Animals are able to synthesise several vitamin in their bodies but most must be supplied in their food. Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble and are stored in the fat compounds of the body. Vitamins Band C are water soluble and cannot be stored and are regularly required in the d et. The known vitamins are listed in the table. The Physiological Functions and Chief
Sources of the Vitamins - All farm animals are able to synthesise sufficient vitamin C in their bodies. Ruminants and horses contain gut bacteria capable of producing sufficient supplies of the B group vitamins. Livestock kept outdoors are able during the summer to produce adequate supplies of vitamin D through the irradiation of their coats and skin.The Physiological Functions and Chief Sources of the Vitamins.
Name |
Bodily functions for which required |
Dietary sources |
Fat-Soluble Vitamin A
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Vision, health of skin and walls of respiratory and urogenital tracts, growth and reproduction. |
Some fish liver oils. Carotene (pro-vitamin A), fresh green leaves and carrots. |
Vitamin D |
Absorption and deposition of bone, growth and reproduction. |
Some fish liver oils, irradiated yeast.
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Vitamin E |
Normal reproduction, Muscle health. |
Wheatgerm, whole cereal graing, some vegetable oils. |
Vitamin K |
Clotting of blood. |
Liver, egg, fresh green leaves |
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Water-Soluble Vitamin B group B, (thiamine) |
Carbohydrate metabolism, functioning of central nervous system. |
Dried yeast, soya bean meal, liver heart. |
B2 (riboflavin) |
Oxidation processes in the body |
Dried yeast, dried milk, liver, heart. |
Nocotinic acid |
Oxidation processes in the body.
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Dried yeast, dried milk, liver, heart, wheat and barley. |
B6 (pyridoxine) |
Amino acid metabolism. Of greatest importance in meat eating species. |
Cereals, dried yeast, dried milk, liver, egg yolk. |
Pantothenic acid |
Oxidation of fats.
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Dried liver, dried yeast, dried milk, egg yolk, liver. |
Biotin |
Amino acid metabolism.
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Wide distribution. |
Choline |
Fat formation, amino acid metabolism |
Most foods contain reasonable amounts. |
B12 (cobalamin) |
Amino acid metabolism. Normal growth, reproduction and blood formation. |
Cheese, dried milk, liver, kidney.
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Vitamin C |
Narmal digestion and carbohydrate metabolism. |
Liver, green leaves, some fruits.
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Deficiency in particular vitamins can cause ill-health and livestock diets usually include synthetic vitamin supplements. The latter are normally added to concerate rations in balanced amounts according to the animals' needs.
Viviparous - A descriptive term for animals which give birth to live offspring.
Volunteer - A plant which grows spontaneously in a crop of different plants, from seed present in the soil.
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