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Soilage - Fodder crops, cut and fed to livestock in the fresh state. Also called zero grazing.
Soiling Crop - A green crop cut and fed to stock elsewhere, i.e., not at the field where grown. Such cu. forage is sometimes called green meat.
Sole - 1. The base of the body of a plough which rests in the furrow bottom. Also called slade.
2. See Pan.
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Sole Crop - Sowing of only one crop in same piece of land in one season i.e., entire crop where, there is no mix crop e.g.) growing of sugarcane, potato etc.
Sole Furrow - The last slice cut during ploughing. Also called scolt.
Solids-not-Fat - The various constituents of Milk other than butterfat and water. On average they represent about 8.7% of milk and consist of Proteins and other nitrogenous substances. Lactose or milk sugar, and various mineral salts and vitamins, etc.
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Soot - Soot from domestic chimneys and boilers containing ammonium sulphate is sometimes used as a nitrogenous fertilizer.
Sore Mouth of Cattle and Horse - Infectious disease of cattle swine and horses, characterized by fever and formation of vesicles on the buccal mucosa and certain parts of hairless skin such as coronary bands, interdigital space, teats and udder. It is caused by virus having rod like particle 310 mμ long and 60 mμ in diameter.
Sore Muzzle of Sheep - Virus disease of ruminant (mainly in sheep), characterized by hyperemia and ulcerative inflammation estinal tract. It is caused by a virus of particle size 100-150 mμ.
Sorghum - A tropical cereal (Sorghum sp.) the grain of which is imported for feeding to poultry.
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Sour Soil - An infertile cid soil, as distinct from a sweet or fertile alkaline soil.
Sow - 1. An adult female pig, after having produced her first litter.
;2. To scatter seed on the ground by broadcasting or to place it in the ground, usually with a drill.
Sowing Behind the Plough - Very common method used for seeds like maize, gram, peas, wheat and barley. A man drops seeds iq the furrows behind the plough.
Sowing, Broadcast - Scattering of seed more or less evenly over a whole area, either one on which a crop is to be raised directly or a nursery bed, as opposed to other forms of sowing such as patch or strip sowing.
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Soyabean - A leguminous plant grown in warm temperate climates producing beans rich in oil and protein. Soyabean Cake and Meal are imported mainly from Canada and the U.S.A. and are used to balance the cereal content of livestock rations. They are a particularly rich source of the amino acid lysine.
Spacing Drill - Another term for a precision seed drill.
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Spade Husbandry - The cultivation of land with a spade rather than a plough.
Spade Husbandry - The cultivation of land with a spade rather than a plough.
Spado - A castrated or impotent animal.
'Spaghetti' Wheat - A term sometimes applied to a variety of wheat used for the production of spaghetti and other pasta products.
Span - A team of oxen or a pair of horses.
- A castrated or impotent animal.
'Spaghetti' Wheat - A term sometimes applied to a variety of wheat used for the production of spaghetti and other pasta products.
Span - A team of oxen or a pair of horses.
Spangled - A term for poultry feathers with a shiny dark spot at their tips.
Spay - To remove the ovaries of a female animal to prevent it from breeding.
Spayn - To wean.
Spean - A teat.
Speckled Yellows - A disease of sugar beet due to manganese deficiency, in which the leaves become yellow between the veins, giving a streaked appearance. Some parts may turn brown. The disease is common on soils with a high lime content.
Spelt - An inferior species of wheat in which the inner husks stick to the grain, as in oats. Grown in mountain areas in Europe.
Sperm - A male gamete. They are produced by male animals in millions in a liquid medium called semen.
Spile - A cleft piece of wood used for fencing, either linked by wire or nailed to a horizontal batten.
Spine - 1. The backbone of an animal. Also called spinal column.
2. A stiff thorn or part of a plant, often a modified branch or leaf.
3. The heart wood of a tree or other woody plant.
Spinner - A tractor drawn implement used for harvesting potatoes. Trailed and mounted types are in use. The main components are a digging share which lifts the row of potatoes and loosens the soil, and a revolving wheel set at right angles to the row and bearing rotating tines. The tines strike the lifted row tinging the potatoes and soil to the side often against a ropenet, so that much of the soil passes through and the potatoes fall to the ground in a row. The spinner is particularly useful in wet soil conditions, but can cause damage to the tubers.
Spiv Ewe - A ewe in poor condition and which will not fatten.
Splice Grafting - Method of grafting in which oblique cuts are made
across both scion and stock of almost equal diameter. The cut surfaces of scion and stock are placed together and are tied after matching their surfaces.
Spliced Approach Graft - Type of approach grafting wherein the choosen two stems are approximately of the same size. A slice of bark and wood 2 to 5 cm long is cut from both the stems, at the point where the union is to occur.
Spoil - Excavated material from ditches or rivers.
Spraing - A disease of potatoes caused either by tobacco rattle virus
(T.R.V.) carried by a free living nematode worm or by Potato Mop Top Virus (P.M.T.V.) transmitted by the powdery scab fungus. It is characterised by rust coloured arcs in the flesh of the tubers.
Spray - A liquid applied under pressure, via a nozzle, in the form a mist of fine droplets. Insecticides, herbicides, liquid fertilizers and disinfectants etc., are often applied as sprays.
Spray Drift - The tendency of a spray of fine droplets, produced by a low volume nozzle, to drift in the air from the field of application to other fields. Such drifts may cause damage to other crops and can poison grazing animals or bees if the spray contains harmful chemicals. Drift damage is minimised by spraying in suitable weather conditions and by using sprays of sufficient dilution. The addition of a chemical 'drift retardant' to a spray mix may reduce spray drift by reducing the number of small driftsusceptible droplets. The chemicals act by increasing the viscosity of the spray mix.
Spray Irrigation - The irrigation of crops (a) by pumping water along distribution pipes to various types of distributor (e.g., large nozzle rain guns, small nozzle rotary sprinklers, fixed spray lines), or (b) by applying water from a tank carried on either a water operated vehicle fitted with a spray boom or oscillating rain gun, or on a tractor or other vehicle fitted with a sprinkler boom.'
Spray Race - A type of race along which nozzles and fitted at intervals. Used to treat cattle and sheep with liquid parasiticides.
Sprayer - A machine used to apply a spray by forcing the liquid through a nozzle under pressure. Field crop sprayers are classified in terms of their capacity for application, as follows:
Volume
| Volume |
Litres/ha |
gal.ac |
| Low |
less than 220 |
less than 20 |
| Medium |
220-660 |
20-60 |
| High |
more than 660 |
more than 60 |
Sprayers essentially consist of a tank from which the liquid is pumped to the nozzles which are fitted at regular intervals along a boom. Nozzles may be of the fan type (used for low and medium volume spraying) or cone type (used for high volume spraying). Sprayers with tanks up to 4501 (c. 100 gal.) capacity may be tractor mounted. Those of larger capacity, up to 1800 1 (400 gal.), are either trailed or mounted on 4-wheel drive vehicles.
Common types of spray nozzle produce a wide range of droplet sizes. In recent years sprayers have been developed which use high speed of spinning nylon discs with fine-toothed margins to produce droplets of uniform size in the range 250 to 300 microns. These sprayers use less spray, give good crop cover and produce less spray drift Other sprayers designed to apply small volumes of liquid (generally less than 5 litres/ha) (Ultra Low Volume-U.L.V.) use a droplet size of 60 to 70 microns which rely on being carried in the wind to give thorough crop cover. U.L.V. sprayers are prone to spray drift and are not used to apply herbicides or poisonous chemicals. Electrostatic U.L.V. sprayers are now being developed. These produce positively charged droplets of controlled size (c. 50 microns) which behave fairly predictably and are attracted to the mainly uncharged target crop. Spraying may also be carried out by aeroplane or helicopter.
Sprig - 1. A shoot or twig.
2. A Scion
3. A tiny spike sometimes present on the side of a single comb in poultry. Also called sidesprig.
Spring Cleaning - The ploughing of a field in the spring as th soil dries, following ploughing during the winter, to speed the drying process and to rise weeds (e.g., Cough Grass) to the surface. Further cultivation and harrowing reduces the soil to a tilth allowing the weeds to be removed, usually by chain harrow, heaped and burnt. If they are fully dry they may alternatively be ploughed in. Usually carried out prior to sowing late-planted rootcrops.
Spring Cultivations - Those cultivations carried out on the land in the spring when the frosts are over, in preparing a seed bed, e.g., rolling, discing, harrowing etc.
Springer - A cow almost ready to give birth to a calf. Also called a down calver.
Spring-tined Harrow - A versatile cultivation implement, the tines 'of which are sickle shaped and made of spring steel, so that they are able to vibrate and shatter the soil. The angle of the tines may be varied giving different working depths suited to the type of cultivation required, so that the implement can be used either as a light harrow or a light cultivator.
Spud - A Common term for a potato tuber.
Spur - 1. A horny, claw-like growth on the back of the leg of a cock or
other bird.
2. A short side branch on a tree or other woody plant, usually bearing flowers or fruit. Also a lateral root.
A hollow pouch like projection at the base of a petal, often containing nectar.
Square Ploughing - A method of round and round ploughing, sometimes used for deep work in fields of more or less regular shap. A land with a similar configuration to the field boundaries is ploughed in the centre of the field. The field is then ploughed in a clockwise manner round this land. The plough is raised out of the soil at comers. This method obviates the need for open furrows.
Squeaker - A piglet.
Stable Fly - A greyish fly which breeds in faeces and rotting vegetation. They are a serious pest of horses, cattle and pigs in the warm summer months when they bite their legs to obtain blood, causing severe irritation and restlessness. They are often found in buildings housing livestock, e.g., stables, cowsheds, etc.
Stack - A large pile of hay, straw, or com.
Stackyard - An enclosed area or fannyard in which a stack of hay or straw is built. Also called a rickyard, and in the case of hay a hayguard.
Staddle - 1. A support structure on which stacks are built. Also called steddall or steddle.
2. A small tree left unfelled. Also a stump left to produce coppice.
3. A rootstock tall enough to produce a standard fruit tree when a scion has been grafted on.
Stag - 1. An adult male deer or male trukey.
2. An animal castrated when mature, particularly a boar (also called brawner, seg or steg).
Stage Set - A set or young hop plant which has remained in a nursery bed for more than one year.
Staggers - A condition of animals in which they are caused to stagger about.
Stale Furrow - Land which has been left for some time after ploughing so that the soil has had time to settle down and consolidate.
Stall - A partitioned compartment in a cowshed or stable in which cattle or horses stand or lie down.
Stallion - An uncastrated male horse, of 5 years of age or more. Mainly kept for breeding. Also called an entire.
Standard - 1. A fruit tree, the lower branches of which are about 1.8m (6 ft) above the ground. A half-standard is one in which the branches are about 1.2m (4 ft) above the ground.
2. A tree left to grow in coppice woodland. (Coppice with Standard).
3. An upright post supporting fencing wire.
Standard Crop - A crop growing in a field.
Standard Furrows - A term for those furrows still unploughed. Also called green furrows.
Standings - The raised parts of the floor of a cowhouse on which the cows are kept in pairs in stalls, each normally about 1.5m (5ft) deep and 2.1m (7 ft) wide.
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