Fallow - Land left unsown, usually for a season, during which it is ploughed and cultivated to kill perennial weeds by desiccation. The practice of fallowing is now less common.

Fallow Crop - A crop grown in well spaced out rows, e.g., potatoes or turnips, so that the land between the rows can be hoed and cultivated to control weeds. Also called a cleaning crop.

False Gid, False Staggers - A 'dazed' condition of sheep due to inflammation of the head affecting the brain, caused by maggots of the Sheep Nostril Fly feeding on the mucous membranes of the sinuses.

Family Farm - A farm run by a farmer and his family, usually with no other employees, and generally small to moderate in size.

Family Labour - Unpaid farm labour which is supplied by members of the family other than farmer himself.

Famine Commissions - Commissions which were set up by Government in 1880,1898,1901,. to ascertain the steps to be taken to ameliorate the severity of famines, with agricultural improvement as a subsidiary problem.

Fan - A basket used to winrow corn.

Fanged - A term for not caps having forked roots.

Fanning Mill - Machine which is operated by hand or electricity and equipped with a hopper, vibrating sieves, a fan etc. It is used for removing chaff, straw, weed seeds and dirt from grain.

Faraday's First Law of Electrolysis - Amount of chemical decomposition is proportional to the quantity of electricity which passes through the electrolyte.

Fardel-bound - Constipated. Especially used for cattle and sheep having food retained in the Omasum.

Farina - Ground corn cereal meal.

Farinograph - Instrument which is used to measured the protein strength of flour so as to judge its baking quality.

Farm - An area of land, usually with a house and necessary buildings, used for agricultural purposes. The term originally meant such land leased or rented by a landlord and worked by another person, the farmer.

Farm Budgeting - Refers to the process of estimating costs, returns and net profit on a farm. A farm budget could be expressed by the following equation.

R = (Qyl Pyl + ... + Qx1 Pyn) - (Qy1 Py1 + ... + Qyn Pαn) - For RΣ Qy P y- Σ Ql Pα- FC.Where, Qα represents quantity of a product consumed or removed from the inventory.
Qy’ quantity of a product sold or added to the inventory.
Pα price of the product consumed or removed from the inventory.
P y’ price of the product sold or added to the inventory.
R, total revenue (negative values represent the loss).
FC, fixed cost
and 1, 2, 3 n represent different items.

Farm Duty of Water - Seasonal quantity of water which is delivered to individual farm units under an irrigation project. Such duty is usually expressed in terms of acre feet per acre, total depth of water over a unit area, or number of acres served per unit of flow. Such duty is able to express the actual rate of use of water

at the farm, after all canal and other losses are eliminated, but includes losses in the farm ditches and also waste.

Farm Forestry - Refers to the practice of raising small woods on a farm in addition to normal cultivation for making the farm more self-sufficient in fuel, small timber, grazing facilities fodder and leaf manure, in addition to the other indirect benefits such as protection of crops against high winds and control over erosion. 10to 15 percent of farm area considered best are put under farm forests.

Fanner's Lung - A distressing respiratory condition caused by the inhalation of dust particles, e.g., from mouldy feed or litter, containing fungal spores, which results in an allergic reaction in the air sacs of the lungs and causes breathing difficulties. Cows and horses can also suffer.

Farm Management - Branch of agricultural economics dealing with the business principles and practices of farming with an object of getting the maximum possible return from the farm as a unit under a sound farming programme.

Farm Map - Map of a farm. It depicts clear picture of the situation of blocks, plot or sub-plots, farm buildings, wells, undergound pipe lines, drainage, roads and bunds, fencing etc. It facilitates in planning the cropping scheme.

Farm Processing - Method or treatment which is used to prepare farm products for use or preservation. It is including the operation that maintains or improves the quality of farm products or changes their forms.

Farmstead - A farm house and the farm buildings associated with it.

Farmyard Manure - The faeces and urine of farm animals mixed with litter, mainly straw, to absorb the urine. This mixture is also called 'Long Dung'. Its composition is variable dependent on the animals contributing the dung, their diet and the kind of litter used. Farmyard manure is usually stored in manure heaps where bacterial activity releases ammonia, fermentation occurs, and the material generally degrades into simpler compounds. It becomesstructureless and the liquids drain as Dung Liquor. In this condition it is called 'Short Dung.' This material is spread on farmland to improve soil structure (being rich in Organic Matter) and also as Fertilizer, its main constituents being compounds of Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorus. Also called muck.

Farrand Test - A method for determining the Alpha Amylase content of Milling Wheat. Used as an alternative to the Hagberg Test. An extract of ground wheat is reacted with a solution of 'limit' dextrin (a derivative of wheat starch). After a measured time it is mixed with iodine solution, and the colour produced compared with that of a suitably diluted iodine 'limit' dextrin mixture. Loss of colour, due to Alpha Amylase in the wheat extract reacting with the 'limit' dextrin, indicates the activity of the enzyme, which is expressed as units. Sound wheat has an activity of 10 units or less. Wheat with an activity over 40 units is not normally accepted for milling. 40 Farrand Units is approximately equivalent to a Hagberg Falling Number of 160.

Farrier - A person who makes and fits horseshoes.

Farrow - 1. To give birth to a Litter of pigs. Also the litter itself. 2. A descriptive term for a cow or heifer not in-calf, or baren

Farrowing Crate, Farrowing Rail - A steel crate used in a pig pen to contain a sow and prevent it from lying on and killing the piglets, whilst allowing them access to her teats. They are normally in the form of a long narrow rectangle, but are sometimes circular (the Ruakura pen). A farrowing rail serves the same purpose and is usually fitted a short distance form the pen walls and floor.

Farrowing Index - The number of Litters produced per year by a breeding sow.

Fat - 1. A term applied to animals reared for their meat (e.g., fat cattle, fat sheep) which have been fattened up and are in a ready condition for sale to a butcher at a market. 2. A dry measure of nine Bushels.

Fat Class - A visual appraisal of the degree of external fat

development on a beef of sheep carcase, being one of the characteristics assessed in Carcase Classification. There are five main classes ranging from 1 (very lean) to 5 (very fat). For sheep, class 3 may be subdivided into 3L and 3H; whilst for beef, classes 4 to 5 may be subdivided into 4L and 4H, and 5L and 5H. In the case of pigs, fatness is measured with an Intrascope which indicates fat depth to the nearest millimetre.

Fat Content - Amount of butterfat in milk, usually stated in percent age.

Fat Hen - A weed (Chenopodium album), particularly of arable land.

Fatling - A young animal fattened for slaughter.

Fats - Storage materials found in living organisms, mainly in liquid form (oils) in plants, and in solid form (also called adipose tissue) in animals, comprising mixtures of glycerides (condensation products of glycerol and Fatty Acids). Most animals deposit fat in the body as an energy store. Some plants, mostly tropical, produce seeds rich in oil which is extracted mainly for cooking, the residue being used for cattle Cake.

Fatstock - Livestock fattened for sale in a market.

Fat Soluble Vitamins - These are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods e.g., vitamin A, D, E and K.

Fatty Acids - Organic acids, thirteen of which occur in natural Fats. They are either (a) saturated (i.e. molecules to which no further atoms can be added), found mainly in solid form in Animals Fats, or (b) unsaturated, found mainly in liquid form (oils) in plants. The most common fatty acids in natural fats are palmitic, oleic and stearic. (Steapsin)

Fauna - The population of animal life in a place or area, or during a particular period.

Faverolle - A heavy table breed of poultry, with a single comb and slightly feathered white legs bearing five toes, producing white' eggs. Variously coloured including blue, buff, salmon and white. f.c.s. An abbreviation for 'filled, carted and spread.' An agricultural valuers' expression for the labour required to transport manure from the farmyard to the fields. Now rarely used, the expression 'labour to farmyard manure' being more common.