Equivalent Basicity - In basic residue of any fertilizers measured in terms of calcium carbonate required to neutralize it. Term is used for expressing the basicity of a fertilizer.

Eradication - 1. The term used for the method of disease control in which the pathogen is eliminated after it has established
2. Absoluble destruction, by burning or deep ploughing etc.

Eradication Area - An area in which a programme designed to eradicate a particular animal disease is operating; Eradication schemes operating in such areas often involve the compulsory slaughter of animals or herds found, on testing, to have the specific. disease.

Ergosterol - Plant sterol which is acting as a precursor for vitamin D in animals, and is converted to this vitamin by ultraviolet radiation.

Ergot - 1. A fungal disease (Claviceps purpurea) of grasses, particularly cereals and especially rye. It attacks the seed heads and destroys the grain. Animals can suffer serious poisoning (ergotism) by eating diseased grain or products derived from such grain (e.g., bread, maize meal). In man it causes the condition known as St Anthony's Fire.
2. A small patch of horn, hidden by a tuft of hair, and located on the back of a horse's fetlock.

Erosion (normal) - The wearing away of the land surface, particularly soil, by running water, ice and wind, etc. Ploughing up and down slopes can lead to gully formation, and light and friable soils can blow away in strong winds when exposed, usually in the spring. Wind erosion is a serious problem in the Fens.

Erosion (Animals) - Gradual destruction of body tissues due to pressure, inflammation, irritation etc.

Erosion- Resistant Crop - A crop because of its dense foliage, root system etc. providing effective protection against soil loss by erosion.

Erosion Spalsh - Erosion which is preceded by the destruction of the crumb structure by rain-drops or drip.

Erysipelas - An infectious disease, mainly of pigs, in which hot, reddish inflammations of the skin and high fever occurs, and when severe lameness and difficult breathing follows. The disease commonly causes infertility and abortion.

Erythema - Reddening of the skin of swine which occurs due to congestion of the blood capillaries near the surface. Application of cold water or alcohol gives relief.

Escherichia coli - A bacterium found in the alimentary canal of most mammals. Certain strains cause disease, e.g., Coli Septicaemia in poultry and diarrhoea in various animals. Usually abbreviated to E.coli.

Espalier - A lattice work, usually of wood, to train trees on. Also fruit trees so-trained, usually so that the branches grow horizontally.

Essential Amino Acids - Refer to those amino acids which are not synthesized in the body in sufficient quantities to support optimum metabolism.

Essential Amino Acids Index (EAAI) - Method which is used for determining protein quality to which all the ten essential amino acids are considered. It may be defined as the geometric mean of the egg ratios of these acids to the food amino acids and may be calculated as follows: where a, b, c...j represent the percentage of essential amino acids in the food protein a, b...j percentage of same essential amino acids in the standard egg protein, and n represents the number of the amino acids.

This method is having the advantage that all the essential amino acids are considered but proteins having different amino acids composition may have the same index.

Essential Fatty Acids - Three unsaturated fatty acids linolenic acid (C₁₇H₂₉COOH) linoleic acid (C₁₇H₃₁COOH) and arachidonic acid (C₁₉H₃₁ COOH). They are essential for the growth of mammals. As they are constituents of phospholipids and glycerides, they are vital for membrane production and fat metabolism. Only linoleic acid is needed in the diet as the other two fatty acids can be synthesized from it.

Estate - The total property in single ownership, often applied to the property of large landowners, including farms cultivated land, woodland, houses, etc.

Estivation - Dorment condition adopted by certain animals during summer. Compared with Hibernation.

Estrogen - Group of female sex hormones producing estrus.

Estrone - Female sex hormone occurring in the ovary, in the placenta and in urine of pregnant animals, women and plants etc.

Ether Extract - One of the fractions determined by the proximate analysis of animal feedingstuffs, containing mainly fats and oils together with various minor compounds, e.g., fat soluble vitamins.

Ethylene C₂H₄ -Growth hormone which regulates fruit ripening various aspects of vegetative growth, and is also important in the abscission process.

Etiolation - A condition of plants when grown in darkness, characterized by a general pale yellowness due to lack of chlorophyll, and by long internodes and small leaves.

Eutrophic - A descriptive term for nutrient or soil solution with nutrient concentrations optimal or nearly optimal for animal or plant growth.

Evaporated Milk - Milk thickened and enriched by evaporating much of its water content, but not sweetened like Condensed Milk.

Evaporimeter - An instruement which is used for the measurement of the amount of moisture which air will take up by evaporation. The quantity of water lost is usually recorded from an exposed pan (Open pan evaporimeter) or tank. Due allowance is made for water added by precipitation.

Evapotranspiration - The loss of water from an area (e.g. a field) by evaporation at the soil surface and by plant transpiration. Potential Evapotranspiration is the maximum transpiration possible under given weather conditions with a low growing crop which shades the soil completely and has an adequate water supply.

Evergreen - A plant which keeps its leaves throughout the year. Mainly confierous trees and shrubs.

Evisceration - Of poultry and fish, refers to removal of the intestinal tract and other organs from the carcasses.

Eviscerated - Having had the viscera or bowls removed.

Ewe - An adult female sheep.

Ewe Hogg - Sheep Name.

Ewe Lamb - A female lamp under six months old.

Ewe-necked - A term for horses with thin hollow necks.

Excised-Embryo Test - This is used to test the germination of seeds of woodyshrubs and tree whose embryos need long periods of after-ripening before germination will occur. In this test, the embryo is excised from the rest of the seed and germinated alone. A viable embryo will either germinate or show some indication of germination, while a nonviable embryo becomes discoloured and deteriorates. The excision is carried out carefully to avoid any possible injury to the embryo. Procedures for germinating excised embryos are similar to those for germinating intact seeds.

Exochorion - The thick outer layer of the shell or chorion of an insect' egg. It is variously shaped and sculptured and having a small hole or micropyle at one end through which fertilization takes place.

Exoenzyme - An enzyme which is produced by a plant and exuded into the surrounding area where it breaks down potential food material which can then be assimilated by the plant.

Exostosis - Group of bone diseases of horses.

Exotic - A descriptive term for plants or animals introduced into an area or country from outside or abroad, not naturally occurring there.

Exotoxin - Substance having a pronounced toxicity and is produced by some pathogenic bacteria, which as soon as it is formed in the cytoplasm of the living pathogenic germ, filters out through the membrane and spreads in to the surrounding medium.

Expeller Process - A process for removing the oil from oilseeds in which the seeds are forced along a tapering tube, squeezing out the oil. The residues, containing usually less than 5% oil, may be used as animal feeds.

Extensive Farming - A method of farming in which a large amount of land is used to raise stock and produce crops, yields usually being about average as distinct from Intensive Farming.

Extracted Honey - Honey obtained by centrifuging uncapped broodless honey-combs.

External Seed-Borne Disease - Plant disease, in which the disease organism in its living state or its spores have been present superficially on the seed without any organic union with it, or as mycelium in superficial infection. It is controlled by application of fungicides to the surface of the seed.

External Seed Treatment - Treatment of seed for external seedborne fungal disease, by which fungicide like formalin sulphur, copper carbonate, organomercurials like Agrosan and ceresan, is throughly mixed with seed, preferably in a rotating drum so as to cover the seed surface with a layer of the fungicide. In the case of formalin, it gets diluted with an equal quantity of water and sprayed over a thin layer of seed and the seed heaped and kept covered with canvas overnight.

Eye - 1. An obsolete term for a brood, particularly of pheasants.
2. The seed-bud of a potato or an axillary bud on a plant.

Eyespot - A fungal disease (Cercosporella herpotrichoides) which attacks all cereals, causing oval or eye-shaped areas of black dots on leaf sheaths as they emerge from the soil in spring, and causing straws to weaken and lodge.