Critical Temperature for Water - Temperature at which the volume of water and the volume of saturated vapour formed from it are equal. This is about 365°C.

Critical Velocity - Of a liquid is that velocity of flow above which the flow ceases to streamline.

Crochets - Any small hook-like organs, particularly those on the prolegs of caterpillars.

Crooked Foot - A horse foot with one side wall higher than the other which is largely attributed to inherited faulty conformation with 'toeing out' or 'toeing in'. Sometimes it may also be caused by unequal pairing of the foot sole or by improper shoeing. Repeated trimming and use of special shoes are useful.

Crop - 1. Plants, carefully selected and developed over many years, sown on cultivated land to produce food for man and animals or raw materials, e.g., barley, potatoes. The term is also applied to plants which are not sown but come up naturally in cultivated land from wild seed, e.g., a crop of thistles.
2. To mow, cut, reap or gather a cultivated crop.
3. The total quantity produced, cut or harvested from cultivated land.
4. To bite off in eating, e.g., grazing sheep will crop a ley.
5. The expanded part of a bird's oesophagus or gullet, in which food is stored before being digested. Also called the craw.
6. A hunting whip with a loop as distinct from a lash.
7. An entire hide.

Crop Bound - A bird with its crop obstructed by material which cannot pass on to the stomach and gizzard, e.g. feather, straw, wool, etc.

Crop Cover - Subsidiary crop 0 flow plants which has been introduced in a plantation to afford cover between or below the main crop; also any crop which is used to protect land from erosion. A cover plant is one suitable for use as a cover crop.

Crop Residue - That portion of a plant or crop which is left in the field after harvest, or that part of the crop which is not used domestically or sold commercially.

Crop Rotation - A definite succession of crops following one another in a specific order.

Crop Yield Index - Refers to a measure of comparison of the yields of all crops on a given farm with the average yield of these crops in the locality. The relationship has been expressed in percentage. It is a suitable method under Indian conditions where diversified type of arming has been followed.

Cropping Intensity - Refers to the number of crops which are raised during the year. It is measured as:
Cropped area

Cropping intensity = X 1000

Sown area

However, it does not take into consideration the length of growing period for various crops.

Cross-breeding - The mating of animals (or plants) of different breeds, but both of which are purebred, in order to combine the best characteristics of the two breeds. The progeny known as crossbreds, possess hydbrid vigour, often expressed in females as increased mothering ability. They are sometimes crossed with a male of a third breed to introduce further qualities.

Cross Cultivation - Means the working of land by ploughing the second time at right angles to the first.

Cross-Fruitfulness - Interfruitfulness; the ability of avariety of fruit plant to mature fruit following pollination by another specific variety.

Cross Protection - One strain of a virus which is infecting plant tissues and potect them from infection by other strains of the same virus.

Crossing - Another name of hybridization. It is defined as the artificial cross-pollination between genetically unlike plants.

Crotch - Common joint of large branches from which sometimes more than one lateral branch arises.

Crown - 1. The top part of a plant, such as the top branches of a fruit tree or the leaves of certain root crops, e.g., sugar beet.
2. The junction of the root and stem of a plant.
3. The perennial root stock of certain plants e.g., rhubarb.

Crown Furrows - Scratch.

Crown Craft - A type of graft in which the scion is fixed into a vertical slit in the bark and sap wood of the stock. Also called a rind graft.

Crucifer - A plant belonging to the cabbage family (Cruciferae) characterized by four petals and sepals, both arranged in the form of a cross.

Crushed Grain - Cereal grains crushed in a crushing Mill before feeding to livestock to assist in their digestion. Also called rolled grain.

Crushing Mill - A machine which crushes cereal grains before feeding to livestock, by rolling it between two iron cylinders rotating Close togther. Also called Roller Mill.

Crutch - A pole with a cross-bar at the end, used in dipping sheep to push the shoulders down, immersing the head and shoulders.

Cryogenic Flask - A flask used in Artificial Insemination to transport semen at very low temperatures.

Cub - 1. The young of certain animals e.g., fox. 2. A cattle pen or small enclosure such as a chicken coop or rabbit hutch. 3. A Crib or fodder rack.

Cuber - A machine which forces meal, usually binding it with molasses at the same time, through circular holes to produce extruded pencils of meal which are chopped into cubes or pellets of various lengths ranging from 3.25 mm for poultry to 13 mm for cattle.

Cucumber - A creeping plant cultivated under glass and in the open where there is no frost risk, both as a market garden and vegetable garden crop. Used as a salad ingredient and for pickling.

Cud - The partly digested food brought back from the first stomach or Rumen or a Ruminant to be chewed again.

Cull - An animal separated and removed from the herd of flock, being unsuitable, of poor quality or too old.

Culm- The flowering stem of a grass.

Cultivar - A variety of a cultivated plant.

Cultivation Sheet - The term used for the record which furnishes the complete history of the individual crop grown on the field with its cost of cultivation from preparing the land to harvesting the crop and all other extra charges upto sale, revealing at the end total expenses of the crop, yield, and net profit or net loss.

Cultivator - An implement having number of tynes which are attached to a frame. It is used for tilling the soil between standing rows of crops. It stirs the soil and is able to break the clods. The tynes fitted on the frame of the cultivator have been found to comb the soil deeply in the field.

Cultivator, Tralled Type - Having a main frame which is carrying a number of cross members to which tynes are fitted. At the forward end of the cultivator, there exists a hitch arrangement for hitching purpose. A pair of wheels are fixed in the cultivator. The lift has been operated by both wheels simultaneously so that draft is even and uniform. The height of the hitch has to be adjusted so that main frame becomes horizontal over a range of depth setting.

Culture - Bacteria growing on or in a substances which provides suitable feeding conditions.

Culvert - A channel for carrying water under a road, railway.

Curd - Milk thickened or coagulated by acid (Rennet) in cheese making, and distinguished from the more watery whey.

Cure - The preservation of meat by salting, smoking or pickling for storage.

Curry - To rub down, clean and groom a horse, usually using special comb called a curry comb.

Curring - A drying process by which most of the moisture in the harvested leaf has been removed. Different methods of curing include air curing, rack curing, smoke curing, pit curing, ground curing, sun curing. It is process by which the harvested produce of tobacco is made ready for the market.

Cusec - Refers to the quantity of water which is flowing at the rate of one cubic foot per second. One cubic foot of water weighs 6.24 Ibs i.e., 6.24 gallons. One cusec flowing for one hour will be equal to 62.4 X 60 X Ibs=101 tons approximately.

Custom - Refers to accepted ways of eating, meeting folks, training the young, supporting the aged, etc.

Custom Inoculation - Refers to the inoculation of fanner's seeds, usually by machine not longer than 3 or 4 weeks in advance of planting.

Cut - 1. A term used to described the steepness of the crest of a Furrow slice. 2. A term used to described the mowing of grassland for silage.

Cutin - Refers to a fatty substance which is fonned from a mixture of complex derivatives of fatty acids and impregnated the outer wall of the epidermis of plants and forms a separate layer, the cuticle, outside this wall. It is relatively impermeable to water and gases, restricting water loss.

Cuttage - Plant propagation by cutting.

Cutter Bar - A mechanism on a Binder, Combine Harvester or Mower which cuts the crop and consists of a fixed finger bar (Fingers) and reciprocating knives. The knives of a mower operate at a faster speed than those on binders and combines since grass is more difficult to cut than the dry straw stems of cereals.

Cutter Blower - Forage Blower.

Cutting - A cut section of material removed from a living plant which, when placed in a suitable rooting medium, will produce roots and give rise to a new plant. Cuttings are used extensively in the propagation of certain types of plant, e.g., Chrysanthemums, Geraniums, etc. (Refer to Graft, Budding, Layering).

Cutworm - A caterpillar of various noctuid moths, active at night only, attacking roots and stems and named after its habit of eating completely through young plant stems at ground level. Also called surface caterpillar.

Cycloheximide - An inhibitor of protein biosynthesis.

Cyanamide (CaCN2) - Calcium cyanamide, an Artificial Fertilizer, converted by soil water into Ammonia. Also called nitrolime.

Cyst - 1. A membrane secreted around the resting stages of many animals during their development, e.g., that enclosing Eelworm eggs in the soil.
2. A swelling or hollow tumour containing soft or watery matter as distinct from pus.

Cytogenetics - Science dealing with the study of the biological systems using the combined approach of cytology and genetics.

Cytology - Branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, properties, physiology, development and reproduction of cells.

Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility - Type of male sterility which depends upon the action of genes carried in the nucleus with a particular cytoplasm.

Cytoplasmic Inheritance - Means the transmission of hereditary characters via the DNA of self replicating extranclear organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility - Type of male sterility which is governed by the cytoplasm rather than by the action of nucleus. It gets transmitted only through the female parent.

Cytosol - Soluble part of cytoplasm which is left after the particles got separated, e.g., by centrifugation.

Cytotaxonomy - Classification of plants which is based on a study of cellstructure.