Confiers - A group of trees and shrubs with needle like leaves and typically bearing cones, e.g., pine, fir, spruce. Coniferous trees or softwoods grow quickly and provide early profit where, grown commercialiy. They are especially suited to exposed hili and acid conditions (Broadleaf)

Conservation - 1. The optimum rational use of natural resources and the environment, having regard to the various demands made upon them and the need to safeguard and maintain them for the future.
2. The protection of the soil against erosion or loss of fertility.
3. The preservation of grass as Hay and Silage and of fodder crops for winter feed. Also applied to the preservation of certain growing crops in situ for later use, e.g., frost hardy Thousand Headed Kale kept through the winter for folding in spring.

Consociation - Climax plant community which is characterized by a single species.

Constipation - The term used for the retention of faeces in the intestines because of difficult evacuation. It may develop due to feeding of coarse, dry, or indigestible feed or due to overfeeding or from overeating.

Consumptive Water Requirement - The amount of water potentially which is needed to meet evapo-transpiration needs of the plant so that the plant does not suffer in its growth through short supply of water.

Contact Animal - An animal which has been in contact with a diseased animal and may need to be isolated if the disease is infectious.

Contact Herbicides - Herbicides which kill only those parts of a plant with which they come into contact and used mostly to control annual weeds when seedlings. They have very little residual effect and are normally applied just before crop sowing.

Contact Placement - Drilling of seed and fertilizer together while sowing.

Contagious - Contagious disease which gets conveyed from a sick animal to another by actual contact.

Contaminants - Those factors affecting genetic and physical quality of the seed. For example of types, foreign pollen, other crop plants, weed plants, plants affected by designated diseases, weed seeds etc., are regarded as contaminants.

Continuous Brooders - Brooders which are used for rearing chicks in large number with coal, gas or oil suppling fuel, used in big commercial enterprises.

Continuous Drying - Refers to the process of drying with a continuous flow of grain and air, in contrast to back operation.

Continuous Layerage - Refers to an asexual reproductive process of plant propagation in which the whole branch except the tip has been buried 8-10 cms of earth and allowed to develop roots while still attached to parent.

Continous Ploughing - In this method, first the headland gets marked and the first ridge is set up at three quarter of land width from the side. The outer ridges are set at full width over the field. The operator starts ploughing between the first ridge and the sideland, continue to turn left and cast in the three quarter land until a quarter land width of ploughing gets completed on each side.

Contour Border Irrigation - Refers to the method of irrigating gently sloping fields, the whole area being divided into strips by ridges along the contours and cross ridges. The ridges confine the water to a particular strip till it is completely full, before, it is allowed to flow to the next lower strip. Also called contour check irrigation.

Contour Cropping - Cultivation of crops along the contours of a slope.

Contour Farming - Refers to the method of cultivation wherein operations including sowing have been carried out along the contour. It reduces runoff, conserves more moisture for crop production, reduces soil losses and increases crop yield.

Contour Furrows - Furrows which are ploughed on the contour on pasture of range land to prevent soil loss and allow water to penetrate the soil. Sometimes used in planting trees or shrubs on the contour.

Contour Ploughing - Ploughing on the level following the contour, as distinct from up and down the slope. This practice is an effective method of soil erosion control.

Control, Biological - The employment of the enemies and diseases of a pest for the purpose of maintaining adequate control. The artificial application of biotic control.

Controlled Atmospheric Storage - Cold storage in which the concentrations of atmospheric gases have been adjusted to extend the storage life of fresh produce. Usually oxygen has been lowered and carbon dioxide raised.

Conveyors - Equipment which is used for moving the seeds in seeds testing laboratory.

Cooperids - Small nematodes that are found in small intestine of cattle and occasionally of sheep and goat. They produce extensive intestinal inflammation in calves. Severely affected animals possess more or less resistant diarrhoea and become imaciated and anaemic as the disease progresses.

Copper. (Cu) - A metallic chemical element, essential to animals in trace amounts, but toxic if consumed in quantity. Also required as a trace element by plants form various metabolic processes. Deficiency diseases ma y occur in plants and animals if it is not adequately available. (Swayback).

Copper Fungicides - Copper compounds which are used for killing fungi causing plant disease. They act by contact, killing only those spores or other parts of disease agents with which they are brought in to close contact, popular examples include copper fungicides like Bordeaux mixture; copper oxychloride, cuprous oxide, perenox perelan (a dusting powder based on copper).

Copper sulphate - (CuS04 .5HP). A blue crystalline salt used as a fungicide in bordeaux mixture. Also called bluestone or blue vitriol.

Coppice - A small wood of small trees and underwood cut periodically, essentially comprising sprouts from cut stumps.

Cordon - A fruit tree trained and closely pruned to grow as a single stem, supported by wire frames or walls.

Corm - A short, swollen underground stem, carrying buds, acting as an organ for storage and vegetative preproduction. Similar to a bulb but the food is stored in the swollen stem as distinct from the scales of a bulb. Examples, include crocus and gladiolus.

Corn - A general term for cereal crops (barley, maize, oats, rye and wheat) grown for their edible seeds or grain. The grain itself is also called corn. In America the term is restricted to maize. In Scotland and Ireland the term is generally restricted to oats, whilst in England it is mainly applied to wheat.

Corn Chandler - A retailer of grain.

Com Cockle - A tall weed (Agrostemma githago) of cornfields. Hairy, long-stalked, with much divided leaves and single pale purple flower, with woolly sepals.

Carrecting Strip - An irregular strip or area of land which is laying between contour strips.

Corrosive Sublimate - Bichloride of mercury which is a violent poison. It has been highly effective as an antiseptic germicide, and disinfectant. As an antiseptic would wash and in dressings, it is used in 1:1000 to 1:5000 solutions; as disinfectant in 1:1000 to 1:5000 solutions. Corrosive sublimate solution has to be stored in wooden, glass or earthenware as it corrodes metals.

Cotton Boll - Fruit of ctoon plant is termed as boll.

Cottonseed Cake, Cottonseed Meal - An animal feedingstuff made from the seeds of the cotton plant after the extraction of oil, mainly used for adult ruminants. It has a high fibre content, is poor in calcium, with low protein quality. It is yellow coloured due to the presence of gossypol which is toxic to young pigs and poultry, and is available either in decorticated or undecorticated forms.

Cotyledon - A seed leaf, forming part of the embryo of seeds. The first leaf to develop when a seed germinates, initially lacking chlorophyll. Monocotyledonous plants have one cotyledon in each seed whilst dicotyledonous plants have two types of plants arc also distinguished by their leaves. The former possess long, narrow leaves with parallel veins (e.g., grasses) whilst the latter have broad leaves with branching veins (e.g., broad leaf weeds such as dock, fat hen, etc.)

Coulter - The part of a plough which makes the vertical cut in the soil, usually mounted in front of the share, attached to the beam. There are three main types; knife, disc and skim coulters. Knife coulters were a feature of horse ploughs. Flat, circular, freely rotaing disc coulters are used on most tractor-drawn ploughs. They rotate as the plough moves, separating a slice of soil from unploughed land, which the share and mouldboard then turn to produce a clean furrow slice. Skim coulters are attached to the beam, either in front of knife coulters or behind disc coulters. Each acts like a small digger and turns a small furrow slice from the coulter of the main furrow into the furrow bottom, thus completely burying crop residues or manures also called colter.

Coulter Face - The side of a slice cut by a coulter ploughing, and then turned over by the mouldborad to become the front of the slice.

Counter Irritant - An agent causing a skin irritation which is intended to relieve another irritation of an organ below the skin. Mustard plaster is somtimes used in the treatment of pneumonia.

Counterfire - Intentionally burning a belt of trees towards an advancing forest fire so that both the fires may get extinguished when they meet.

Cover Crops - The crops grown primarily to cover the soil so as to reduce the lose of moisture due to leaching and erosion by wind and water. Many a times such crops are not harvested.

Cover, Ground - Any vegetation which produces a protecting mat on or just above the soil surface. In forestry, low-growing shrubs and herbaceous plants under the trees.

Cowpox - An acute virus disease of cattle, which is accompanied with a slight fever and a typical eruption which is usually confined to the teats and udder of the female or the scrotum of the male. The affected animals are promptly isolated and precautions taken to avoid carrying infection to other cows. Milking should be carried out gently and with as little discomfort to the animal as possible. Affected animal is to be batched withcresylic disinfectant like a 3% saponated cresol solution, and antiseptic ointment or oil applied.