Cobalt (Co) - A metallic Trace Element present in small amounts in soil and herbage, required for the assimilation of iron into haemoglobin in red blood corpuscles. When deficient it causes pining' in sheep.

Cobweb Theorem - An economic theorem that producers of a commodity expect the price in the next period of production to be the same as current prices and thus plan production accordingly. It is most appropriate in the case of non-storable commodities.

Cocaine - An alkaloid obtained from the leaves of Erythroxylum coca. It finds use as a local anesthetic and mydriatic. Its solution in water is sometimes applied to soothe the pain in eyes.

Coccidioidal Granuloma - Refers to the non contageous fungus disease of animals, which is characterized primarily by multiple pulmonary granulomas and dissemination to other organs. Coccidioides immitis is the casual organism.

Coccidiosis - An intestinal disease of livestock and poultry caused by various microscopic protozoan parasites of two genera Eimeria sp. and Isospora sp., belonging to the Order Coccidia. Characterized by diarrhoea and emaciation.

Coccus - 1. A spherical bacterium, as distinct from rod-shaped or vibrio (spiral-shaped) bacteria. 2. A portion of dry fruit containing one seed when it breaks up.

Cock - 1. A general term for a male bird. For poultry, usually applied to males over 18 months old.
2. Slang for woodcock.
3. A small pile of dung or of a cut crop drying in the field.

Cock Hop - A freak hop Aone bearing a single or several small leaves between the bracts.

Cockerel - A young male chicken, usually applied to one less than 18 months old. Also a male turkey less than 12 months old.

Cocking - The forming of heaps or cocks of a loose cut crop for drying in the field. .

Cockle - A shrunken seed, badly formed crinkled or puckered.

Cocksfoot - A perennial grass (Dactylis glomerata), with characteristic one sided flower heads of rounded or oval individual flower spikelets on wiry branches, and dull green to deep blue leaves. Deep rooting, very high yielding used extensively for pasture.

Coconut Cake - A concentrate feeding stuff reasonably rich in Protein, used frequently in rations for dairy cows, fattening cattle and pigs .It produces a harder fat than most other oil seed products. Not as readily available as it used to be.

Cocoon - A protective silky sheath spun by many insect larvae (e.g., the Caterpillars of butterfiles and moths) in which they pupate (Puppa). Also a similar sheath or capsule in which spiders and earthworms lay their eggs.
Codlin(g) - A type of elongated apple.

Codlin(g) Moth - A small moth the caterpillars of which eat the inside of growing apples and cause them to fall prematurely.

Cod-liver Oil - The oil obtained from the livers of codfish, rich in vitamins A and D, valued for feeding to young animals to improve condition. It is particularly helpful in preventing rickets developing.

Coggin test - A test used to detect anaemia in horses.

Coir Yam - String or twine made of coconut fibre on which bines are trained in hop gardens.

Coffin-Joint - Joint located between the second and third phalangel bones of the hoof.

Coital Vesicular Exanthema - An acute contageous disease of cattle characterized by fever, rhinitis, tracheits and considerable loss of condition and milk yield.

Cold Blooded - Poikilothermic lacking ability to regulate the body temperature by physiologic means commonly said of fish, reptiles, and amphibians whose temperatures approximate that to the environment.

Cold Branding - Refers to the branding of farm animals by using caustic depilatories. This produces a permanent skin brand without discomfort to the animals.

Cold Brooding - Also known as hay-box brooding. It is a simple method of rearing of chicks when it is not too cold, by employing an ordinary basket or small box lined thickly with fine hay or old f1annel strips of feathers and provided with small hole or outlet to allow passage to chicks.

Cold Storage - The preservation of perishable produce (e.g., apples, meat, etc.), usually in bulk, in refrigerated chambers. The low temperature conditions inhibit the multiplication of bacteria and fungal sproes, etc.

Cold Text - A germination test in which the seeds are planted for a period in cool, moist unsterilized soil before they get transferred to a higher temperature. This is done for studying the effect of possible unfavourable planting conditions while determining seedling vigour.

Colibacillosis - Disease which is caused by Excherichia coil. It is found in the intestine, where it lives in symbiosis.

Colic - Abdominal pain and assqciated symptoms which results from anyone numerous disordres of the abdominal cavity.

Coli Septicaemia - A bacterial infection (Escherichia coil) of poultry. It is usually secondary to other respiratory diseases and is characterized by inflammation of the air sacs which often contain purulent material. Young birds between 6 and 10 weeks of age are particularly susceptible, mainly in winter in conditions of poor ventilation or overcrowding.

Coliform Bacteria - Those bacteria commonly present in animal intestines and passed out in faeces (e.g. Escherichia coli). The presene of such bacteria in milk indicates faecal contamination.

Coliform Test - Test which is used for estimating coliform bacteria in a sample of milk. The presence of such bacteria is an index of unhygienic method of milk production.

Colitis - Inflammation of the large intestine which is often caused due to diarrhoea, constipation, etc.

Collagen - A proteinous substance, the principal fibrous constituent of skin, tendon, ligament and bone. When boiled it produces gelatin.

Collective Fruit - Single fruit which is formed from several flowers.

Colony Brooders - Brooders which are used for rearing chicks in lots from about 60 to a few hundred, with kerosene oil, coal, wood, oil, gas or electricity supplying the fuel.

Colostral Milk - First milk which is secreted soon after parturition. Colostral milk helps in cleaning out the digestive tract and provides the newborn animal, resistance against harmful bacteria.

Colostrum- The milk given by cows and other mammals during the first few days after giving birth. It is particularly rich in proteins including Antibodies, and has a higher fat content than normal milk. Also called beestings or beistings.

Coloury - A descriptive term applied to dried hops having a distinctive green tint.

Colt - A young male horse less than four years old (five years if thoroughbred).

Colza - The oil yielded by Rape seeds (also called cole seeds).

Comb - 1. A fleshy crest on the head of some birds.
2. The cellular structure constructed of beeswax in hives in which bees store surplus honey. In commercial beekeeping hives contain frames holding a thin sheet of wax on which bees construct the six-sided cells which form the comb. Also called honeycomb.
3. The lower blade of the cutting section of a powered sheep- shearing handpiece.
4. The edge at the top of a Furrow slice. Also called arris.

Comb Honey - Honey stored by bees in the cells of freshly built broodless combs.

Combine Drill - A Drill which sows seeds and fertilizer simultaneously, usually down the same seed tube, although there are separate hoppers for seed and fertilizer. Combine drills are difficult to clean out effectively.

Combiner - Machine which undertakes the functions of a reaper, thresher and winnower. Its main functions are as follows:
(i) Cutting the standing crop
(ii) Feeding the cut crops to threshing unit
(iii) Threshing the crop
(iv) Cleaning the grains from straw and
(v) Collecting the grains in a combiner.

Commercial Feed - Materials distributed for use as feed or for mixing in feed for animals other than man.

Common Stomach Worm - Nematode found in the fourth stomach or cattle, goat and sheep. It is 1 to 3 cm long and as thick as an ordinary pin. This blood sucking parasite is responsible for the loss of flesh, general weakness, anaemia, and diarrhoea. In fested animals may be treated with copper sulphate or phenothiazine.

Community - 1. A term applied to any assemblage of plants making up a distinct vegetation type, e.g., deciduous woodland.
2. A short-term for the European Economic Community.

Compacted Surface - Compacted surface or crust on soil which is somewhat loose under neath but does not break regularly during ploughing.

Companion Crops - Two crops grown together in the Same field, one of the crops, and often both, benefiting from the presence of the other. The term is particularly applied to crops grown together for seed production which have similar cultivation and management needs and whose seed can be separated afrter harvesting (e.g., clover and ryegrass, the clover facilitating soil Nitrogen Fixation, beneficial to ryegrass growth, whilst the ryegrass assists in the harvesting of the clover).

Compensatory Amounts - Monetary Compensatory Amount.

Compensatory Growth - The phenomenon of animals turned out to, pasture after a period of energy restriction exhibiting greater growth rate than animals which have not been so restricted. It is due to the greater feed intake following the period of energy restriction.

Competition - Demand of organisms within a community for the same substance. Plants may compete for light and nutrients animals for food and shelter. Competition usually causes the displacement of one organism by another.

Complement - A constituent of blood serum, the presence of which is required for an Antibody to kill an Antigen.

Complement Fixation Test - A blood test used to diagnose certain bacterial diseases, e.g, Brucellosis.

Complete Diet - Winter feed for livestock comprising a mixture of Concentrates and bulk forage fed as a complete mixture, the animals usually receiving no other feed.

Complex Fertilisers - Commercial fertilizers having at least two or more of the primary essential nutrients. When such fertilisers have only two of the primary nutrients they are known as Incomplete Complex Fertilizers.

Composite Seed Sample - Seed sample composed of mixture of different subsamples taken from various parts of a seed lot