Cage Wheel - Wheel or an attachment to a wheel having spaced cross bars to improve the reaction of the tractor in a wet field. It has been generally used in paddy fields.

Cake - Refers to the seeds of various plants, mainly tropical (e.g.,groundnut, cotton, soya bean, coconut, linseed and palm nut kernel) which is compressed (to extract oil for cooking, soap manufacture, etc.) into flat slabs, or straights, rich in Protein, having oil and fibre in verying amounts, used as cattle food.

Calamintha Alpina - A hardy aromatic plant, lorming a thick carpet of coliage and carrying sprays of violet flowers all through the summer.

Calcareous Soil - An alkaline soil which is having sufficient calcium and magnesium carbonate to bring about visible effervescence when treated with hydrochloric acid.

Calcification - Refers to the process of the deposition of insoluble lime salts, especially calcium carbonate or phosphate in tissues
(2) Refers to the process of accumulation of a layer of lime in the soil profiles in a dry climate, as it is happening in the soils of Rajasthan.

Calcified Nodules - The nodules which are caused by nodular disease. They occur in knotty guts.

Calcium - (Ca) A soft white chemical element which is essential to life, and considered to be an important constituent of bones and teeth, and of the several compound forms of lime used in agriculture (Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Hydroxide and Calcium Oxide).

Calcium Carbonate - (CaCO₃ ). A white insoluble solid which is found naturally as chalk, limestone, marble and calcite.

Calcium Cyanide - A very effective fumigant to control, insects and rodents.

Calcium Cyanamide - (CaCN₂). Nitrolime. An artificial fertilizer which is powdery or granular, blue black in colour, supplying lime and nitrogen to crops. It is converted by soil water to ammonia.

Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)₂) Slaked lime or hydrated lime. It is in a finely divided condition by horticulturists to correct soil acidity.

Calcium Levulinate - White powder which is soluble in water and therefore used increasingly for the preparation of sterile solution.

Calcium Oxide - (CaO). Quicklime. A lumpy white powder. It is caustic and irritant and is used to destroy carcases of animals which have died from infectious diseases. Also called burnt lime, and lump lime.

Calcium-Phosphorus Ratio - Normal ratio of calcium to phosphorus in feed ratios has been between 2:1 and 1:1. The ratio 2:1 is generally preferred. Vegetable protein concentrates and poor in calcium and phosphorus.

Calcium Sulphate - Gypsum.

Calender of Operations - Refers to graphic or tabular presentation which shows the kind of farm operations to be carried out during the season and specified time limits within which work has to becarried out.

Calendula - Hardy annuals which thrive in beds or borders and is almost any soil.

Calf - The offspring (in its first year) of a cow. A male is known as a bull calf, a female is known as a heifer calf, quey or cow calf.

Calf Diptheria - Refer to an acute, infectious disease which is characterized by the formation of a diphtheric, false membrane on the mucous lining of the mouth and throat of young suckling calves. The mortality from the disease has been very high. It has been caused by Actinomyces necrophorus.

Calf Knee - Term is used for bone abnormality which has beenobserved especially in horses.

Calf Pneumonia - Affecting calves ranging from 15 to 75 days of age.It arises suddenly. The affected animal manifests dry cough,extreme lacrimation and a temperature range of 104.8° to 105.5°F.

Calf Scours - An important bacterial disease (often E. coil) of both dairy and beef calves, often fatal. Also known as neonatal diarrhoea.

Calf Scours Serum - It prevents the heavy losses from white scours if given to calves soon after their birth.

Caliche - More or less cemented desposit of calcium carbonate often mixed with magnesium carbonate at various depths. It is the characteristic of many of the semiarid and arid soils of the Southwest.

Calk, Calkin - A pointed, turned down piece on a horse shoe which prevents slipping.

Callus - 1. Refers to the protective tissue which grows, as a swelling, over wounds in woody plants. 2. The cartilaginous growth, having collagen, which first grows to heal a bone fracture, later becoming bone tissue. 3. Any thickned tissue which is often hardened or leathery.

Caloric Energy of Feed - May be defined as the inherent power of feeds for supplying nutrients which are essential to the reproduction, maintenance growth and milk production of animals.

Calorie - The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 19 of water by 1°C. A kilo-calorie (K.cal) or Large Calorie (Calorei) is 1000 calories.

Calve, Calve Down - To give birth to a calf.

Camber - An Auto Sex Linked breed to poultry, with barred feathers, a single comb, yellow legs, and producing white eggs.

Cambium - A layer of actively dividing cells in plants which produces xylem, or wood, to its inside and phloem, or bast, to its outside in the process of secondary thickening. It is located just beneath the bark of trees and shrubs.

Camshaft - Shaft in 1 C engine which is able to raise and lower the inlet and exhaust valve at proper time. It is mainly used to operate the ignition timing mechanism, lubricating, oil pump and fuel pump.

Canal - Artifical watercourse which is usually cut.

Canal System - A system which comprises of all the canals. It constitutes a complete irrigation system.

Cancer - Malignant tumour.

Cancer Eye - Malignant tumour which primarily attacks the eye of cattle and may be caused by irritation of the eyes by dust, sand, insects or strong rays of the sun. Its treatment involves the total removal of the cancerous tissue togheter with the eyeball by an experienced veterinarian.

Candied Fruit - Fruit impregnate with sugar, drained and dried is known as candied fruit. It is not sticky and is plump, tender and exceedingly sweet with high flavour.

Candling - Refers to a process by which eggs are allowed to pass over a candling machine in which a light source detects blood spots and shell cracks. The apparatus is usually combined with an egg grading machine.

Cane - The stem of reaspberry blackberry and other similar plants, and of the larger grasses, such as sugarcane or bamboo.

Cane Sugar - A type of storage sugar (Sucrose) present in sugar cane, sugar beet, ripe fruits and tree sap (e.g., maple sugar). It is broken down by intestinal enzymes into glucose and fructose which can then be absorbed by the bloodstream to provide energy.

Canine - Family of animals including dogs, cogotes, foxes and jackals etc.

Canker - 1. A general term which is used for a number of fungal diseases of tree (often due to Nectria sp.), especially those affecting fruit trees, in which growing tissues are destroyed and cortical tissues malformed, forming cancerous growths and open wounds.
2. A fungs disease which causes softening of the horn of a horse's hoof, inflammation and the production of a soft chessy material.
3. A colloquial term for ear mange in dogs and for the pussy conditions which can develop if not treated.

Cannibalism - The term used for the practice of an animal eating its own kind. It sometimes takes place, with indoorhoused poultry due to overcrowding, boredom (scratching for insects is precluded in cages) our protein deficiency, and has been controlled by removing the point of the upper beak (debeaking) or the use of soft red lighting. Sows will also occasionally eat their own or other sows' piglets under intensive breeding conditions.

Canning - Refers to the process of preserving food by the application of heat high enough for destroying essentially all microorganisms present together with sealing the food in air tight sterilized canes so as to disallow recontamination and to preserve the food as early as possible in the condition in which it could be served when freshly cooked. Fruits are canned in tin cans or glass jars.

Cannon Bone - A bone supporting the limbs of horses, between the knee and fetlock of the forelegs, and between the hock and fetlock of the hind legs.

Cannula - A tube having a sharp-pointed plunger (a Tractor) which has been inserted to puncture an animal's rumen. The cannula is left in position when the trocar has been withdrawn to allow gas to escape.

Canopy - Refers to branches, leave etc. which are formed by woody plants at some distance above the ground.

Canopy Class - Usually refers to a classification in accordance to completeness of canopy, see Canopy Density.

Canopy Density - Refers to the relative completeness of the canopy. It is usually expressed as a decimal coefficient, taking closed canopy as unity. The following classification of canopy density is in vogue: closed if the density is 1.0 : dense if the density is between 0.75 and 1.0; thin if the density is between 0.5 and 0.75 and open if the density is less than 0.5.

Cant - 1. A sloping bank.
2. An area of woodland clear-felled at one time. Often the unit of sale (by auction) for sweet chestnut Castanea sativa), commonly about an acre in extent.
3. An area which is designed to a ploughman to plough in a ploughing competition.

Canterbury Hoe - A type of hoe having three long, flat, sharp progns. Used break up clods.

Capacity, Field Moisture - Amount of water which is expressed in percentage of dry weight, that a soil is able to retain against the pull of gravity i.e. after saturation and allowing excess water to drain away.

Capability Class, Soil or Land - A rating which indicates the general suitability of a soil or land for agricultural use.

Capillary Action - Refers to the phenomenon of a liquid rising up a narrow tube, or the formation of drops, bubbles and films, due to high inter-molecular attraction within the liquid. Important in soil as the natural forces of capillary attraction cause water to rise through the minute 'capillary space' between soil particles and through soil pores.