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Artificial Regeneration - Renewal of forest crop by sowing, planting or other artificial means, also the crop so obtained. .
Artificial Subsurface Irrigation- The term used for the application of irrigation water below surface of soil having perforated or porous pipes which are laid underground below the root zone and water led into the pipes by suitable means. Method may make the soil saline or alkaline and the neighbouring land gets damaged due to seepage.
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Artificial Vagina - Arrangement for collecting semen particularly from bull. It consists of an outer cylinder of heavy rubber casing, glass, ebonite, or metal with a thin rubber innertube which gets attached to the outer cylinder in such a way that a watertight space gets created between the inner and outer walls.
One end of the inner tube is kept open; the tube at the other end has been tapered to fit tightly over a graduated test tube in which the semen has been collected at the time of ejaculation. There is a small valve in the outer wall for introducing warm water into the space between the inner and outer surfaces. A temperature of 41°C has been found to be near optimum for most animal species. The inner tube is well lubricated.
Artificial Vegetative Reproduction- Refers to Vegetative Reproduction.
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Ascariasis - Injuries caused by the large intestinal roundworms or ascarids (large roundworms) which are present in the lumen of the small intestine. The hosts (horses, cattle, swine) obtain their parasites through swallowing their microscopic infective eggs with forage, dry feed, soil or water. Adult worms may damage the liver and lungs. The adult worms in the intestine take the load of the host. Occasionally, they even make perforations in the intestines and produce peritonitis.
Ascariasis slows down the growth of young host animals, producing more or less permanent stunting and some time even death if the worms invade vital organs. The treatment involves the administration of chenopodium oil. Swine may also be treated with sodium flouride and horses with carbon disulfide.
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Ascarib- Refers to large intestinal roundworm.
Ascarops Strongylina- One of thick stomach worm species which is occurring in swine.
Ascomycetes- A class of fungi, known as Sac Fungi, which carry spores in a sac or ascus. They range in size from very small to quite large, the fruiting bodies of the latter often being rounded or tuberous, not toadstool shaped. Many are parasites; many cause plant diseases; others 'ripen' cheeses.
Ascon- A type of sponge having a simple canal system in which openings in the body wall led directly to spongocoel, as in Leucosolenia.
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Ascorbic Acid- Vitamin C. An essential growth factor that is found infruits (especially citrus) and vegetables.
Ascospore- (1) Spore which is produced because of sexual fusionsubsequent to reduction division in Ascomycetes (2) Sporewhich is formed in an ascus and characteristic of Ascomycetes.
Ascus (Plural, Asci)- (1) In Ascomycetes, it refers to a large saclike, cell, usually the swollen tip on a hyphal branch in the ascocarp within which ascospores (typically eight in number) are developed (2) Refers to a sac like cell in the perfect stage of an ascomycete, in which the ascospores are formed.
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Aseptic- Means free of microogranism which may cause contamination or infection.
Asexual Reproduction- Reproduction without Gametes. In plants it consists of either spore formation or vegetative reproduction.
Ash- 1. Constituent of milk comprising various salt in solution, of which calcium and potassium phosphates and sodium chloride predominate, and al o various vitamins (A, B, C, D and E). In normal milk the ash proportion remains fairly constant at about 0.75% (Milk Composition). A significant reduction may indicate added water. 2. A term used in the analysis of feeding stuffs for the residue left after through burning and the destruction of organic matter. Otherwise called mineral matter.
Aspartic Acid - Refers to an amino acid which is having a chemical formula HOOC.CH 2CH2CH(NH 2)COOH. It serves as a precursor of pyrimidines, which is needed for the synthesis of nucleotide, and is an intermediate in the urea cycle.
Aspergillaceae - Family of the Aspergillales e.g., Aspergillus, Penicilium.
Aspergillales - An order of the Euascomycetes which are having a close ascocarp with the asci irregularly distributed in it.
Aspergillosis - A fungal disease of chicks resulting from inhalation of spores of Aspergillus from damp or mouldy litter or feeding stuffs, causing the growth of white nodules in the lungs, and resulting in breathing difficulties.
Asphyxia - Suffocation or the suspension of animation because of suffocation.
Aspirator - It is seed processing machine in which seed separations are carried out by using air on the basis of differential terminal velocity of seed. A negative pressure or vacuum is produced within the machine by the fan aligned at the discharge point. Air rushing to fill in the vaccum produces a stream of air which is used to separate seeds.
Asporogenous Yeast - Yeast which fails to produce ascospores.
Ass - A small, usually grey, long eared animal of the horse genus. Also known as donkey. Used as a draught animal and crossed with the horse to produce a mule.
Assart - To reclaim for agriculture by grubbing. Assarted land is that cleared of trees and bushes.
Assay - Means qualitative or quantitative determination of the components of a material, as an ore or drug.
Assimilate - Substance which is formed in plant during the manufacture of food.
Assimilation - Refers to the absorption and utilization of simple food
substances.
Assimilatory Quotient - Refers to the ratio of carbon-dioxide intake to oxygen output (CO2 /O2). This ratio is nearly near 1, agreeing with the equation.
6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 602
Assimilatory Roots - These are long, slender hanging roots which are green in colour. These roots are capable of carbon assimilation and manufacture carbohydrates e.g., submerged roots of water chestnut.
Association - A major plant community in which more than one plant species is dominant, as in mixed deciduous woodland. Also applied in modern usage to any small unit of natural vegetation (Soil Association).
Assortive Mating- Refers to the non random sexual reproduction in a population; tendency of certain types of males to breed with certain types of females, resulting in parents that are mentally and physically more similar than would be expected by chance.
Asthenoblosis- Refers to the theoretical explanation of the phenomenon of diapause or arrested growth of an insect. It is assumed that there occurs an accumulation of waste products in the tissues and that these restrict normal development in much the same way as they may bring about muscular fatigue. During a resting stage these substances gradually disappear because excretion is continued while normal metabolism becomes slows.
Astringent- Drug which is able to contract tissues. It is locally applied to control bleeding relieve inflammation, etc.
Astingent Lotions- Liquids having one or more astringent drugs. They often find use in the treatment of lameness in animals.
Asynapsis- Refers to the failure of chromosomes to pair at meiosis or the absence of chiasmata formation.
Atavism - The appearance in an animal of ancestral, but not parental, characteristics, usually after an interval of several or many generations. Also called reversion and loosely known as 'throw back.' At-foot- Suckling. Thus a ewe with lambs at foot has suckling lambs.
Athermanous- Substances which are able to absorb the radiant heat falling on them and, therefore, disallow it to pass through them are known as athermanous substances e.g., water, wood, liquids, etc.
Atmometer- An instrument which is used for measuring evaporation; also called an atmidometer or evaporimetcr.
Atony- Weakness of the system or of any organ which is characterized by a lack of tone or lack of tension.
Atresia- In animals, it is a defect which is existing from birth, but it is seldom discovered until after the heifer gets freshned. Treatment is only surgical. To prevent the closure of teat orifice by healing a teat tube is inserted at milking time, and to replace it between milking with a sterile or dedicated teat dilator.
Atrophic Rhinitis- Nasal inflammation in young piglets with rapid uneven growth of the snout, causing deformity.
Attenuated Strains- Strains of pathogenic micro-organisms, mainly bacteria and viruses, which have lost their virulence.
Attenuation Weakening- Refers to the reduction in virulence. Any procedure in which the pathogenicity of a given organism gets reduced or abolished.
Attenuator Region- The term use for the region of DNA within an operon at which most RNA polymerase molecules stop transcription. Receipt of a specific antitermination factor will make transcription to take' place.
Attested Area- An area in which a programme of specific animal disease eradication is operating, declared as attested, the disease having been reduced to a very low level. Specifically applied to Brucellosis and Bovine Tuberculosis.
Attractants- Refers to the materials that are able to attract insects or other animals and make them to eat or contact poison bait or sprays, and consequently cause their death.
Auger- 1. A tool which is used for boring holes. A soil auger is used to bore into the soil and withdraw a small sample for observation. 2. A mechanism which is involved for conveying granular materials (mainly grain) or slurry, comprising a power driven helical screw in a close fitting tube.
Aujeszky's Disease- A virus disease of cattle and pigs made notifiable in 1979. It is characterised by intense itching of the hindquarters Named after the Hungarian, Aujeszky, who first described it in 1902. Cattle lick the infected part bare and may bite it. Paralysis takes place within 24 hours and death within 48 hours. In pigs the disease is milder with less mortality, characterised by loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea convulsions, acute salivation, and throat paralysis. Sows may abort. The disease also affects dogs and rats which can transmit the disease by biting. Also called Pseudo-rabies. Infectious Bulbar Paralysis, and mad itch.
Aureomycin- An antibiotic which is obtained from Streptomycin aureofaciens. It has been passed to be effective against both gram negative and gram positive micro-organisms, and certain viruses. It is administered intravenously and orally. It is also used in antibiotic feed supplement.
Autecology - Refers to the ecology of an individual organism or texonomic group, as opposed to synecology which is the ecology of a community.
Autoclave - An apparatus which uses stream under pressure for sterilization. The materials get sterilized by air free saturated steam at temperature in excess of 100°C.
Autoecism - Refers to the capability of a parasitic fungus so as to complete its entire life cycle on the same host.
Autogenous Vaccine - Vaccine prepared with germs which obtained from the patient's own blood and employed in the treatment of his disease.
Autoinfection - Means reinfection from bost's own parasites. Autointoxication. Means self-poisoning which occurs due to the absorption of uneliminated toxins produced within the body, e.g., from waste products.
Autolysis - Means breakdown of cells by the action of their own enzymes (endogenous enzymes).
Autolytic Self-digestive. It refers to the process of self-digestion, which takes place in vegetable and animal tissues, particularly after they have ceased to be a normal part of the organism to which they belong; thus the ,tenderizing of beef during hanging is an example of autolytic process.
Automatic-Planter - It is a simple bullockdrawn automatic seedcum-fertilizer planter which is useful for metering correct quantity of seed and for placing fertilizer at proper depth. It is possible to attach four such planters to tool bar of tractor. It is also equipped with a pair of maker arms for aligning the rows.
Autonarcosis - Said of the state of being poisoned, rendered dorment, or arrested in growth, because of self-produced carbon dioxide.
Autophytes - Green plants which are able to prepare their own organic food from the raw inorganic materials absorbed from soil and the air.
Autopolyploid - A polyploid organism in which all the chromosomes come from the same species. (Allopolyploid)
Autopsy - Post-mortem examination.
Auto Recorder - A milking machine comprising a container on a spring balance which records the weight of milk from each cow.
Auto-sex-linked - Pure breeds of poultry in which day-old male and female chicks respectively exhibit different colours.
Autotroph - Any microorganism using only inorganic materials as a source of energy. Environment carbon dioxide forms the main or rather the sole source of carbon.
Autotrophic - Organisms able to manufacture their own food from inorganic materials using energy from an outside source. Most green plants are completely autotrophic, manufacturing organic foods from carbon dioxide, water, and mineral salts, using sunlight energy fixed by Chlorophyll. The process is known as photosynthesis. Some bacteria are autotrophic, using energy obtained by oxidising inorganic substances. Nitrifying Bacteria in the soil are examples.
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