Tedder - A tractor-drawn haymaking machine, usually used soon after a grass crop has been cut to loosen and aerate the swath.

Temporary Grassland - Arable land sown to a ley for a limited period of years, as distinct from permanent grassland.

Temporary Pasture - Vegetation grazed for a short period only; not more than one full year.

Tentiometer (Soil Moisture) - Instrument used for measuring tension with which moisture is held in the soil. It consists of poorus clay cell filled with water which is placed in the soil. A pressure gauge is attached to the cell which registers the changing tensions as water moves through the cell towards the drier soil or into the cell from wet soil.

Teschen Disease - A notifiable disease of pigs due to a virus, resulting in an excited condition with fever and paralysis, and often death. It was first recognised in Czechoslovakia.

Testicle - The reproductive gland of male animals occuring in pairs, producing sperm. Also called testis (plural, tests).

Tetanus - A bacterial disease (Clostridium tetalli) of livestock and man which enters the body via wounds, particularly from the soil. Muscles become stiff, spasms may occur, and the muscle which closes the jaw may become continously contracted. Death usually follows. Few animals recover even if treated. Also called lockjaw.

Tether - A rope, chain or halter used to confine or restrain an animal within certain limits, e.g., by tying it to a post in the ground.

Tetrazolium Test - A biochemical test in which seed viability is tested, not by germination, but by the red colour appearing when the seeds are soaked in 2, 3, 5, triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TIC).

Texel - A breed of sheep originating in Holland and widely distributed in Europe. It is renowed for its milk production, and also noted for its rate of growth and potential for meat production (particularly in France where a distinct meat type has been developed).

Thermal Death Point - That temperature at which an organism is killed after an exposure of ten minutes under certain specified conditions.

Thin - To remove some of the plants in a crop so that it is less crowded and those remaining have room to develop.

Thin Crop - A poorly developed crop with plants growing relatively sparsely.

Thin Land - Shallow soil.

Thinning of Fruits - Removal of a few young fruits from heavily bearing fruits with a view to provide greater advantage of space, light, water and food. It is usually practiced in papaya.

Thirds - A term once given to a category of wheat offal resulting from milling. All wheat offals, apart from bran, are now sold as weatings for use in feedingstuffs.

Three-point-Linkage - The three hydraulically operated arms fitted to the rear of a tractor on which implements are mounted.

Thresh - To separate the grain or seeds from crops (e.g., cereals, beans, peas, clovers, etc.) by beating.

Thresher - A threshing machine.

Threshing, Blower Loss - Percentage of grains blown by blower along with bhusa with respect to total grain input in the thresher by weight.

Threshing, Cylinder Loss - Percentage of unthreshed gains from all outlets with respect to total grain input in the thresher by weight.

Threshing Efficiency - Percentage of threshed grain from all outlets of the thresher with respect to total grain input by weight is known as threshing efficiency.

Threshing Machine - A machine once commonly used to thresh cereals and other seed crops. Most cereals crops are now harvested and threshed by combine harvester.

Threshing Refraction - Components in wheat which differ from sound grain is called refraction.

Threshing, Sieve Loss - Percentage of healthy grains, dropped from sieve with respect to healthy grains received from main outlet by weight.

Threshing, Visible Damage Loss - Percentage of broken or cracked grains from all outlets with respect to total grain input in the thresher by weight.

Thrifty - A term applied to animals which are developing well, gaining weight, producing milk or eggs well, etc., and generally thriving.

Thrips - An order of small, sap-sucking flies (Thysanoptera), characterised by narrow wings with fringes of long hairs. Very many species exist, some of which are pests of crops, e.g., Onion Thrips and Pea Thrips. Also called Thunder flies. (Thrips is both - singular and plural.)

Throw - 1. To give birth to. 2. To sire.

Thrunter - A three-year old ewe. Also called thrinter.

Thush - An inflammation of the frog of a horse's hoof, accompanied by the production of a foul-smelling discharge.

Tick - A sub order of large blood-sucking insects (Acarina) of the class Arachnida, allied to the Mites. They are serious parasites of livestock, and when present in large numbers they cause 'worrying' and lack of thrift. The best known is the sheep tick responsible for transmitting Louping Ill, redwater and TickBorne Fever. Ticks are controlled by dipping, washing or spraying with insecticides. Also called faggs.

Tick-borne Fever - A disease of cattle and sheep caused by the microorganism Rickettsia (intermediate between bacteria and viruses) which infects the white blood cells and is transmitted by the sheep tick. In catatle it causes fever, reduced milk yield for a period and increased susceptibility to other diseases (e.g., Redwater). In sheep the fever is accompanied by listlessness and loss of appetite, and pregnant ewes may abort.

Tile Drain - A baked, extruded clay pipe used for underground drains in land drainage systems. Such pipes replaced the original bent or horse-shoe clay tiles (from which the term 'title-draining' was derived) in the midnineteenth century.

Till - To work land with implements in preparation for a crop, e.g., ploughing, cultivating, harrowing, manuring, sowing, etc.

Tillage - Land lying fallow or under a crop, as distinct from under a Ley.

Tiller - A side shoot from the base of a plant near to the ground, e.g., from the bottom of the stalk or stem of cereals and grasses.

Tilth - The physical condition of the topsoil after tillage. A fine tilth consists of small and loose, crumbling soil particles or mould. In a coarse tilth comparatively large clods constitute most of the broken material.

Timothy - A loose to densely tufted perennial grass (Phleumpratense), with hairless, broad, rough bluish green leaf blades and flowerheads in the form of spike like, cylindrical panicles.

Tine - A spike or prong on a cultivator, harrow, rake or fork. Also called point.

Tithe - A term once applied to a tenth of the produce of land and stock on a farm given to the church, and later to a cash sum of approximately equal value. A tithe barn was one in which corn paid as tithe was stored.

Tonguted Approach Graft - Type of approach grafting wherein the two stems choosen are approximately of the same size. Two cuts are made to form a tongue on each of the two stems. The second cut is downward on the scion to provide a thin tongue on each piece. A closely fitting graft union can be obtained by interlocking these tongues tightly.

Tool Bar - A metal frame fixed usually to the rear of a tractor on whichthe cultivating tools (e.g., hoes) for inter-row work are mounted.

Top - 1. The tallest growing grasses in a sward.
2. To lightly mowgrassland to encourage more leafy growth.
3. To cut off thecrowns and leaves of sugar beet. (Sugar beet harvester)

Top Dressing - Fertilizer applied to a crop after it has emerged fromthe ground.

Top Fruit - Fruit with relatively firm flesh, as distinct from the soft flesh of soft fruit. Divided into hard or pome fruits (e.g., Apples, Pears, quinces, etc.) and stone fruits or drupes (e.g., cherries, plums. etc.)

Top Wire - One of the parallel wires at the top of the wirework in a Hop Garden to which string is attached, up which the Bines grow.

Tops - The unwanted portions of sugar Beet plants cut off during harvesting, comprising the crown of the root and the leaves, used for feeding to cattle and sheep.

Topsoil - The surface soil disturbed during cultivation and rich in organic matter.

Total Digestible Energy Value - A percentage value which is a summation of the digestive nutrients (i.e., digestible crude protein, digestible crude fibre, digestible oil x 2.3, and digestible nitrogen-free extract) in a feedingstuff, determined by a digestibility trial. T.D.N. values are used to asses the energy value of pig and poultry diets. They are slightly higher than D-values since the high energy value of fats (oils) is taken into account.

Total Herbicide - A non-selective herbicide used to kill all types of vegetation, applied prior to crop planting, also used on footpaths, roads, waste land, etc.

Toxic - A term usually applied to a chemical capable of killing, injuring or impairing an organism.

Toxin - A toxic substance, especially one produced by bacteria infecting part of an animal's body.